Consumer and Industrial Chem (Fats and Oils) Flashcards
What is an example of saturated fats
- tristearin
- tripalmitin
State 2 differences between saturated fats and unsaturated fats
Saturated : Unsaturated
Carbon-carbon single b : Carbon-carbon double b
high melting point : Low melting point
made of glycerol & saturated fatty acid : made of glycerol & unsaturated fatty acid
What type of fat is oleic acid?
monounsaturated fat
what process can convert unsaturated fats to saturated fats?
- catalytic hydrogenation
- hydrogen gas is passed into hot liquid oil with nickel as catalyst
what process can convert unsaturated fats to saturated fats?
- catalytic hydrogenation
- hydrogen gas is passed into hot liquid oil with nickel as catalyst
Why does liquid unsaturated fats change to solid after hydrogenation?
- More and more double bond is hydrogenated, the relative molecular mass and molecular size increases.
- Intermolecular forces become stronger
- more heat energy is required to overcome the stronger intermolecular forces
- boiling point of oil increases, liquid changes to solid
How can soap be produced?
Through saponification
- hydrolysis of fats / oils by alkalis(Naoh or Koh) into fatty acid salt and glycerol
- NaCl is added to reduce solubility of soap in water
- to precipitate the soap obtained
Is ROSO3Na sodium alkyl sulphate or sodium alkylbenzene sulphonate?
sodium alkyl sulphate
Which part of the soap, when ionised in water, is hydrophilic?
- carboxylate end of the soap anion
- attracted and soluble in water
soap dissolves and ionises in water to produce ____?
soap anion and sodium / potassium ion
What does hydrophobic mean?
- soluble in oil / grease
Why can’t detergent with branched hydrocarbon chain be biodegradable?
- The branched chain molecules blocks the enzyme action of microorganisms
- decomposition of detergent molecule is prevented.
Why won’t small droplets of grease in water reattach to the cloth after detergent / soap is added?
- repulsion of negative charges of the hydropilic part of the soap/detergent anion on the surface of grease
what is the function of optical whitening in detergent? give and example of optical whitening
make the clothes whiter, fluorescent dyes
example of water softener in detergent
sodium tripolyphosphate (enhance effectiveness of detergent by softening the water/combining with mg ions n ca ions)
example of anti-suspension agent
sodium carboxylmethylcellulose (prevent dirt from reattaching onto clothes)
example of whitening agent
sodium hypoclorite n sodium perborate (change dirt to colourless substance)
diff between whitening agent n optical whitener
whitening agent: change dirt to colourless substance
optical whitener: make clothes brighter n whiter
what is the use of preservative, sodium nitrite, in food?
used in sausages, burgers, luncheon meat
to preserve the red colour of meat
benzoic acid as preservatives r commonly used in?
oyster sauce, tomato sauce, chilli sauce, juices
function of stabiliser and give an eg
to provide uniform n smooth texture
- pectin to thicken jams
- agar from seaweed to make jellies
to prepare alkyl benzene sulphonate salt, ___ Is added into alkylbenzene to form ____ during sulphation
concentrated sulphuric acid
alkylbenzene sulphonic acid
give 2 examples of flavourings
- monosodium glutamate (msg) in instant noodles
- aspartame, sorbitol, stevia as sweeteners
- esters like propyl ethanoate for pear flavour, ethyl ethanoate for pineapple flavour
During neutralisation in preperation of detergent,
alkylbenzene sulphonic acid + sodium hydroxide –> ____ +____
alkylbenzene sulphonate salt + water
Is soap effective when using hard water? Explain
- Not effective
- Magnesium and calcium ions in hard water will react with soap anion to form an insoluble precipitate called soap scum.
Why is soap ineffective when using acidic water?
Hydrogen ions react with soap anion to form long fatty acid chain which is insoluble due to high relative molecular mass
State 2 differences between soap and detergent
Soap : detergent
- biodegradable : non-biodegradable
- environmental friendly : non environmental friendly
- ineffective in hard water : effective in hard water
- ineffective in acidic water : effective in acidic water
Explain why detergent is effective in acidic water
- hydrogen ions react with detergent to form soluble organic acid
- detergent is still available for cleaning
What is sodium silicate and sodium sulphate used for in detergent?
Drying agent
What is sodium carboxymethylcellulose used for in detergent?
Anti suspension agent
- prevents removed dirt from redepositing with cloth
What additive is added into bread to preserve it?
sodium benzoate
What type of food additives can prevent greasy food from getting rancid?
Antioxidants
What is the common name for alpha tocopherol?
vitamin e
What are the uses of thickeners? Give 2 examples
To increase viscocity // thicken liquids
- gelatin -> yoghurt
- xantham gum ->salad dressings
- acacia gum -> chewing gum, jelly wine
- starch -> instant soup, puddings
Acacia gum can be used as thickeners and ___?
stabilizers
What traditional medicine can reduce High blood pressure, cholesterol level and increase body’s immunity?
Ginseng
What traditional med is used to treat skin diseases?
Aloevera
What are the benefits of tamarid?
- treat cough
- brighten skins
What category of modern medicine is used to prevent or slow down growth of microorganisms?
antimicrobial
Name 3 types of analgesics
- paracetamol, aspirin, codeine
Can aspirin be taken by an individual with gastric? Why?
No. Aspirin is acidic due to the acetysalicyclic acid
Cough medicine and headache tablets contain what type of analgesics?
Codeine (obtained from morphine)
Why is streptomycin injected into the body instead of consuming through a tablet?
The tablet will be digested by acid in stomach
What diseases can be treated through penicillin?
Gonnorhea, Syphillis, Pneumonia
How are anticeptics used? give eg of anticeptics
- Applied externally on the skin
- Iodine, boric acid, hydrogen peroxide
What are the side effects of cortecosteroids ?
moon face, increase in weight, emotional disturbance, gastric hypertention, diabetes, insomnia
How does anti allergies work?
prevent the effects of histamine
What type of modern medicine can be consumed to treat arthritis, eczema, psoriasis and asthma?
Cortecosteroids
name two eg of antidepressants
- tranquiliser and barbiturates
What are dextroamphetamins, amphetamine and methamphatamine?
Stimullant drugss
Why are thickeners used in cosmetics? give eg
- Improve texture of products
- Ensure products stick to skin surface
- xantham gum, gelatin, glycerin, guar gum.
State 2 types of moisturisers
- hydrophilic (soluble in water)
- lipophilic (soluble in fats)
How are jojoba and candela used in cosmetics
as emulsifiers
How are jojoba oil, olive oil, beeswax and coconut oil used in cosmetics
as moisturizers
name 2 harmful chemicals usually added into whitening creams.
- mercury, hydroquinone, betamethansone valerate
What are the side effects of hydroquinone in cosmetics?
- prevents skin pigmentation
- increases risk of skin cancer due to exposure to harmful uv rays.
What is tretinoin used in? what are its side effects?
- acne cream
- red, peeling skin
- flaky and sensitive to sunlight
State 1 similairty and 1 difference between nanosilver and nanogold in nanotech
- both has antimicrobial properties
- nanosilver used in deoderant and packaging
- nanogold used in toothpaste
State 3 characteristics of graphene.
Lightweight, very small size, very thin, impermeable, elastic, transparent, good heat and electrical insulator, very strong and hard
Why is graphene used in to make felxible solar cells?
- it has electrons which moves very fast.
