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Chemisthree > Consumer and Industrial Chem (Fats and Oils) > Flashcards

Consumer and Industrial Chem (Fats and Oils) Flashcards

1
Q

What is an example of saturated fats

A
  • tristearin

- tripalmitin

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2
Q

State 2 differences between saturated fats and unsaturated fats

A

Saturated : Unsaturated
Carbon-carbon single b : Carbon-carbon double b
high melting point : Low melting point
made of glycerol & saturated fatty acid : made of glycerol & unsaturated fatty acid

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3
Q

What type of fat is oleic acid?

A

monounsaturated fat

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4
Q

what process can convert unsaturated fats to saturated fats?

A
  • catalytic hydrogenation

- hydrogen gas is passed into hot liquid oil with nickel as catalyst

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4
Q

what process can convert unsaturated fats to saturated fats?

A
  • catalytic hydrogenation

- hydrogen gas is passed into hot liquid oil with nickel as catalyst

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5
Q

Why does liquid unsaturated fats change to solid after hydrogenation?

A
  • More and more double bond is hydrogenated, the relative molecular mass and molecular size increases.
  • Intermolecular forces become stronger
  • more heat energy is required to overcome the stronger intermolecular forces
  • boiling point of oil increases, liquid changes to solid
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6
Q

How can soap be produced?

A

Through saponification

  • hydrolysis of fats / oils by alkalis(Naoh or Koh) into fatty acid salt and glycerol
  • NaCl is added to reduce solubility of soap in water
  • to precipitate the soap obtained
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7
Q

Is ROSO3Na sodium alkyl sulphate or sodium alkylbenzene sulphonate?

A

sodium alkyl sulphate

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8
Q

Which part of the soap, when ionised in water, is hydrophilic?

A
  • carboxylate end of the soap anion

- attracted and soluble in water

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9
Q

soap dissolves and ionises in water to produce ____?

A

soap anion and sodium / potassium ion

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10
Q

What does hydrophobic mean?

A
  • soluble in oil / grease
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11
Q

Why can’t detergent with branched hydrocarbon chain be biodegradable?

A
  • The branched chain molecules blocks the enzyme action of microorganisms
  • decomposition of detergent molecule is prevented.
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12
Q

Why won’t small droplets of grease in water reattach to the cloth after detergent / soap is added?

A
  • repulsion of negative charges of the hydropilic part of the soap/detergent anion on the surface of grease
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13
Q

what is the function of optical whitening in detergent? give and example of optical whitening

A

make the clothes whiter, fluorescent dyes

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14
Q

example of water softener in detergent

A

sodium tripolyphosphate (enhance effectiveness of detergent by softening the water/combining with mg ions n ca ions)

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15
Q

example of anti-suspension agent

A

sodium carboxylmethylcellulose (prevent dirt from reattaching onto clothes)

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16
Q

example of whitening agent

A

sodium hypoclorite n sodium perborate (change dirt to colourless substance)

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17
Q

diff between whitening agent n optical whitener

A

whitening agent: change dirt to colourless substance

optical whitener: make clothes brighter n whiter

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18
Q

what is the use of preservative, sodium nitrite, in food?

A

used in sausages, burgers, luncheon meat

to preserve the red colour of meat

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19
Q

benzoic acid as preservatives r commonly used in?

A

oyster sauce, tomato sauce, chilli sauce, juices

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21
Q

function of stabiliser and give an eg

A

to provide uniform n smooth texture

  • pectin to thicken jams
  • agar from seaweed to make jellies
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21
Q

to prepare alkyl benzene sulphonate salt, ___ Is added into alkylbenzene to form ____ during sulphation

A

concentrated sulphuric acid

alkylbenzene sulphonic acid

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22
Q

give 2 examples of flavourings

A
  • monosodium glutamate (msg) in instant noodles
  • aspartame, sorbitol, stevia as sweeteners
  • esters like propyl ethanoate for pear flavour, ethyl ethanoate for pineapple flavour
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23
Q

During neutralisation in preperation of detergent,

alkylbenzene sulphonic acid + sodium hydroxide –> ____ +____

A

alkylbenzene sulphonate salt + water

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24
Q

Is soap effective when using hard water? Explain

A
  • Not effective

- Magnesium and calcium ions in hard water will react with soap anion to form an insoluble precipitate called soap scum.

25
Q

Why is soap ineffective when using acidic water?

A

Hydrogen ions react with soap anion to form long fatty acid chain which is insoluble due to high relative molecular mass

26
Q

State 2 differences between soap and detergent

A

Soap : detergent

  • biodegradable : non-biodegradable
  • environmental friendly : non environmental friendly
  • ineffective in hard water : effective in hard water
  • ineffective in acidic water : effective in acidic water
27
Q

Explain why detergent is effective in acidic water

A
  • hydrogen ions react with detergent to form soluble organic acid
  • detergent is still available for cleaning
28
Q

What is sodium silicate and sodium sulphate used for in detergent?

A

Drying agent

29
Q

What is sodium carboxymethylcellulose used for in detergent?

A

Anti suspension agent

- prevents removed dirt from redepositing with cloth

30
Q

What additive is added into bread to preserve it?

A

sodium benzoate

31
Q

What type of food additives can prevent greasy food from getting rancid?

A

Antioxidants

32
Q

What is the common name for alpha tocopherol?

A

vitamin e

33
Q

What are the uses of thickeners? Give 2 examples

A

To increase viscocity // thicken liquids

  • gelatin -> yoghurt
  • xantham gum ->salad dressings
  • acacia gum -> chewing gum, jelly wine
  • starch -> instant soup, puddings
34
Q

Acacia gum can be used as thickeners and ___?

A

stabilizers

35
Q

What traditional medicine can reduce High blood pressure, cholesterol level and increase body’s immunity?

A

Ginseng

36
Q

What traditional med is used to treat skin diseases?

A

Aloevera

37
Q

What are the benefits of tamarid?

A
  • treat cough

- brighten skins

38
Q

What category of modern medicine is used to prevent or slow down growth of microorganisms?

A

antimicrobial

39
Q

Name 3 types of analgesics

A
  • paracetamol, aspirin, codeine
40
Q

Can aspirin be taken by an individual with gastric? Why?

A

No. Aspirin is acidic due to the acetysalicyclic acid

41
Q

Cough medicine and headache tablets contain what type of analgesics?

A

Codeine (obtained from morphine)

42
Q

Why is streptomycin injected into the body instead of consuming through a tablet?

A

The tablet will be digested by acid in stomach

43
Q

What diseases can be treated through penicillin?

A

Gonnorhea, Syphillis, Pneumonia

44
Q

How are anticeptics used? give eg of anticeptics

A
  • Applied externally on the skin

- Iodine, boric acid, hydrogen peroxide

45
Q

What are the side effects of cortecosteroids ?

A

moon face, increase in weight, emotional disturbance, gastric hypertention, diabetes, insomnia

46
Q

How does anti allergies work?

A

prevent the effects of histamine

47
Q

What type of modern medicine can be consumed to treat arthritis, eczema, psoriasis and asthma?

A

Cortecosteroids

48
Q

name two eg of antidepressants

A
  • tranquiliser and barbiturates
49
Q

What are dextroamphetamins, amphetamine and methamphatamine?

A

Stimullant drugss

50
Q

Why are thickeners used in cosmetics? give eg

A
  • Improve texture of products
  • Ensure products stick to skin surface
  • xantham gum, gelatin, glycerin, guar gum.
51
Q

State 2 types of moisturisers

A
  • hydrophilic (soluble in water)

- lipophilic (soluble in fats)

52
Q

How are jojoba and candela used in cosmetics

A

as emulsifiers

53
Q

How are jojoba oil, olive oil, beeswax and coconut oil used in cosmetics

A

as moisturizers

54
Q

name 2 harmful chemicals usually added into whitening creams.

A
  • mercury, hydroquinone, betamethansone valerate
55
Q

What are the side effects of hydroquinone in cosmetics?

A
  • prevents skin pigmentation

- increases risk of skin cancer due to exposure to harmful uv rays.

56
Q

What is tretinoin used in? what are its side effects?

A
  • acne cream
  • red, peeling skin
  • flaky and sensitive to sunlight
57
Q

State 1 similairty and 1 difference between nanosilver and nanogold in nanotech

A
  • both has antimicrobial properties
  • nanosilver used in deoderant and packaging
  • nanogold used in toothpaste
58
Q

State 3 characteristics of graphene.

A

Lightweight, very small size, very thin, impermeable, elastic, transparent, good heat and electrical insulator, very strong and hard

59
Q

Why is graphene used in to make felxible solar cells?

A
  • it has electrons which moves very fast.

Chemisthree (4 decks)

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