consub 3 Flashcards
is another form of academic writing that is written after reading about and discussing a particular issue.
Position Paper
uses formal academic language and has an introduction, body, and conclusion.
Position Paper
Writing a position paper entails a lot of
research and gathering information and evidence
A position paper is not simply a report of the issue at hand. It involves
actively choosing a side and supporting it,
Purposes of Position Paper
- to generate support
- describe the side you have taken
- based on facts and evidence
- inductive reasoning
- always tied to a particular issue or event.
- spark debate and discussion
- adds your voice in support of that position,
features of position paper
- Introduction
- Body
- Conclusion
An issue for a position paper should be
- controversial
- uncertain
- at least two distinct sides
Make sure that your stand is
- original
- specific
- backed up by many reliable sources
are documents that wish to inform, analyze or recommend
Reports
are usually expressed through written or verbal presentations
Reports
Common mediums of reports
- Speeches
- Televisions
- Radios
is a complex account that uses formal and structured language. It is usually applied in major projects and organizations
Formal Report
formal report can be
- Informational
- Analytical
- Recommendatory
presents information, results or updates
Informational
presents, analyzes and draws conclusions
Analytical
presents recommendations based on results and Conclusions
Recommendatory
communicates information using free-flowing, casual and short formats about routines or everyday business
Informal Report
Structures of Reports
- Title Page
- Abstract
- List of Figures and Tables
- Introduction
- Body
- Conclusions
- Recommendations
- References
- Appendices
which presents the title of the report
Title Page
a brief summary of the report
Abstract
which includes tabulated data, graphs and illustrations
List of Figures and Tables
presents a brief background of the report and introduces the report topic
Introduction
the elaboration and discussion of the report topic
Body
includes inferences from the key points or findings of the report
Conclusions
which includes suggestions or solutions to the problem identified in the report
Recommendations
the reading materials, internet resources used in the report
References
includes supporting documents such as questionnaires, letters, and documentation
Appendices
Aims to collect data from a group of respondents to gain information and insights about a topic
Survey Report
Different channels for survey report
- Online
- Pen and paper
- Phone interview
Aims to describe the observations of people, places, and/or events
Field Report
A researcher can make use of the following to take field notes
- Written/typed notes
- Photos
- Video and audio recordings
- Illustrations and drawings
Objectives of Report
1, Specific
2. Measurable
3. Attainable
4. Realistic
5. Time-Bound
objectives must not be broad
Specific
objectives must be quantifiable
Measurable
objectives must be capable of accomplishment so that the report can serve its purpose
Attainable
objectives must deal with real-life situations; therefore, the results of the report will have real-life applications
Realistic
objectives must be attained within the prescribed limit
Time-Bound
Methods of Data Gathering
- Reading
- Experimentation
- Observation
- Interviewing
- Conversation/Chat
- Internet Surfing
- Conducting Surveys
books and periodicals are considered secondary sources of information, yet they are always valuable sources of information
Reading
When dependent and independent variables are involved in the study, the most likely approach to use is the experimental method
Experimentation
merely looking closely at the surroundings is a mean of data gathering
Observation
can be done in three ways
Interviewing
the interviewer personally ask the questions
Personal
he interviewer sends the letter and will be returned to the interviewer
Mail / Letter
the interviewer ask questions through telephone
Telephone
an unstructured way of data gathering
Conversation/Chat
a rich and good source of information coming from all corners of the world
Internet Surfing
surveys have become one of the more common source of data
Conducting Surveys
Questions are classified in to two
- Open Ended Questions
- Close Ended Questions
are those that require sentences and paragraphs as answers
Open Ended Questions
require only words and phrases as answers
Close Ended Questions
3 Q’s
- Quality
- Quantity
- Quest
the researcher should ask questions which are clear, objective, concise, relevant, ethical and simple worded
Quality
a researcher should be concerned not only about the kinds of questions but also about the number of questions to be asked
Quantity
the research is in search for answers to solve the problem he has in mind. As a researcher he must asks questions that are within the bounds of his quest
Quest
arranged chronologically or logically from the most important to the least important
LIST FORM
are written in the present tense, active or passive voice, and indicative mood
summarized findings
include not only graphic or written aids, but also realia, e.g. live or preserved specimens, technological tools and equipment, and the like
Visual aid
other methods of presentation almost always involve visual aids, particularly graphic aids
Power Point Presentations
