constructivism

Question 1

what does it criticize in liberalism and realism?

Answer 1

the material thinking, and individualism

Question 2

why did constructivism develop in the 90s?

Answer 2

the mainstraem theories failed to explain the end of the cold war

Question 3

what are eclectic origins?

Answer 3

philosophy and sociology

Question 4

core assumptions

Answer 4

1. objects, events don’t have fixed meanings
2. material/brute vs relational facts- same events can have different meanings because of social/historical relations
3. states and national interests are not explicit- but constructed (no regular patterns- it may change over time)
4. changes of perception of ir affects politics
5. power is also discursice- power of ideas, norms.

Question 5

Examples

Answer 5

Gorbachev’s new thinking- competition isn’t in Russia’s interest, reducing arsenal and adapting to live with the US

Question 6

Who argued soft power.?

Answer 6

Nye

Question 7

What is soft power?

Answer 7

trying to convince without meterial things, by using culture

Question 8

co-constitution system

Answer 8

the world is what you believe it is, agents don’t exist in isolation from the structures they create.

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Question 9

what is structure?

Answer 9

norms, rules, institutions, polarity

Question 10

what is agent?

Answer 10

subjective, perceptions

Question 11

structure X agent

Answer 11

structure constrains and options for actions !co-determination

Question 12

agent X structure

Answer 12

practives (change or reproducing) !co-determination

Question 13

self-fulfilling prophecy

Answer 13

everyone reinforces the state of anarchy, they sustain the condition of anarchy !! anarchy is not structural but asa a result of practice

Question 14

nuclear deterrence

Answer 14

normative basis of nuclear non-use (demonstration effect)

Question 15

norm life cycle names (3)

Answer 15

1. emergence
2. norm cascade
3. internalization

Question 16

regulative rules

Answer 16

regulate already existing activities- WTOs rules to regulate trade

Question 17

constitutive rules

Answer 17

create the possibility for these activities.

Question 18

rules info

Answer 18

both rules shape states as actors - but only constitutive rules shapes states as actors, and what counts as legitimate.

Question 19

norm emergence

Answer 19

a norm entrepreneur calls attention to issues and dramatizes them in ways that capture the attention of the broader public

Question 20

norm cascade

Answer 20

norm spreads through the rest of the population

Question 21

norm internalization

Answer 21

when norms are no longer a matter of debate and are automatically honoured

Question 22

logic of consequences

Answer 22

making choices by looking at the consequences, both negative and positive.

Question 23

logic of appropriateness

Answer 23

making choices by looking at what is generally accepted to be the right thing