Construction Technology Flashcards
1
Q
What building regulations are you aware of that would need to be considered in the design stages?
A
Part L, M, A, B
2
Q
What is Part L
A
Consumption of Fuel and Power
3
Q
What is Part M
A
Use and Access of a building
4
Q
What is Part A
A
Structure, Guidance on frame, what it needs to achieve
5
Q
What is Part B
A
Fire, Guidance on fire safety and fire regulations
6
Q
What is a façade?
A
1 exterior side of a building which includes everything on the face of the building
7
Q
What is cladding?
A
All-encompassing term for an external skin of a building which keeps out the weather and the provides the buildings aesthetic effort. an be structure or artistic
8
Q
What are the different types of cladding in the National Building Specification (NBS)?
A
a. Curtain walling
b. Patent glazing
c. Rainscreen
d. Stone
e. Brick / masonry
f. Glazing
g. Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
h. Timber
9
Q
What cladding types did you have on your façade?
A
100 NBS - Stick and unitised, 30-33SS - Brick and terracotta
10
Q
What other building elements will be affected by the type of cladding system used?
A
a. Frame
b. Roof
c. M&E
11
Q
What are the performance requirements of cladding?
A
Thermal Insulation, Acoustic insulation, Fire resistance, Protection, Security, airtight building envelope
12
Q
What is a profiled metal system?
A
2 skins of metal sheeting separated by a spacer bar & with insulation in resulting cavity
13
Q
What are composite panels
A
2 metal skins separated by a rigid insulation layer
14
Q
What is a rain-screen cladding system?
A
a. Cladding that manage the flow of rainwater on a building
b. Backing wall
c. Vapour control layer
d. Insulation
e. Panel support system
f. Ventilated cavity
g. Panels / panel joints
15
Q
What are the two types of rainscreen cladding?
A
drained & ventilated and pressurised equalised
16
Q
What is curtain walling?
A
a. A form of lightweight, non-load bearing external cladding which forms a complete envelope around the structural frame
b. Typically comprise of a lightweight aluminium frame onto which glazed or opaque infill panels can be fixed
c. Only support their own weight & weather imposed loads which are transferred to the primary structure
17
Q
What is a stick cladding system?
A
a. Installed piece by piece on site, with glazing inserted into the frame from inside/outside depending on site conditions
b. Continuous mullions bolted to structural frame
c. Short, discontinuous transoms in which panes of glass are fitted
d. This creates a grid carrier system which allows small movement between carrier frame and structure
e. Rubber gaskets to secure glass
f. Fixed to floor edges with brackets
g. Mullion transfer weight of system to ground
18
Q
adv of stick cladding?
A
familliar to facade contractors, good for stroe fronts, less expensive up front costs, later changes can be made
19
Q
disadv of stick cladding?
A
difficult to QA, require more prelims, not good for high rise buildings, prone to water leakage
20
Q
What is a unitised cladding system?
A
a. Pre-fabricated in modules off-site & delivered in panels
b. Are better able to exploit the benefits of factory controlled conditions & QA
c. Mullions, transoms, gasket & glass fitted secured in factory
d. Bracket installation to slab
e. Panels inserted into brackets
21
Q
adv of unitised cladding?
A
Easy to QA/QC, Fast paced installation, no scaffold required.
22
Q
disadv of unitised cladding?
A
greater shipping/storage costs, highly skilled contractor needed for this, risk of measurements not matching site
23
Q
Why might cladding fail?
A
a. Failing of fixing bracket
b. Lack of adequate movement between frame / structure
c. Inadequate allowance for thermal expansion
d. Failure of face seals
e. Leaks between drainage seals
f. Vibrations in panels
g. Capillary action in seals
h. Failure of double / triple glazing
i. Physical damage
j. Weathering
24
Q
What factors did you consider when advising on the curtain walling system?
A
cost, appearance, time
25
Can you describe the build-up of a window?
a. Cill
b. Frame
c. Mullion
d. Transom
e. Glass
f. Cavity tray
g. Lintel
h. They require high level performance in terms of thermal & sound insulation, air permeability, water tightness & wind resistance
26
What are the different types of glazing?
single, double, triple, low emissivity glass (low E)
27
What is a dormer window?
The framework for a vertical window constructed from a roof slope
28
What is U-value?
a. Rate of transfer of heat through a structure, how much heat escapes
b. Low = good & more energy efficient, better insulator, less energy to maintain building temperature
29
What is G-value?
a. Measure of how much solar heat is allowed in through a particular part of a building
b. Higher is good in cool climates
c. Lower is good in warmer climates
d. Range between 0.2-0.7
e. Solar control glazing 0.45
30
Why are doors important?
a. Provide natural sunlight
b. Fire resistance
c. Wind & rain resistance
d. Security
e. Thermal & sound insulation
31
What is a façade retention system (FRS)
a. The process of retaining an external wall whilst removing the internal floors, walls etc
32
Can you describe your experience with a FRS? 30-33SS
a. Install temporary support system to retain the façade whilst lateral & structural support behind is removed
b. Support can be internal / external / both
c. Thought must go into how existing façade will interface with new one
d. Underpinning may be required to support the façade further
e. Scaffold structure erected with steel struts to tie the façade together
f. Tying through window openings to prevent drilling into the façade
g. Ties need to be packed to provide good contact & prevent movement / direct contact with the metal supports
h. Raked or flying shores can be installed against kentledge blocks to provide further stability
33
What is a kentledge block?
a. A pre-cast concrete block used as ballast to secure temporary structures
b. Provide free-standing anchorage
c. Ideal for scenarios where impractical or impossible to dig foundations
34
What are raking / flying shores?
Raking: A structure that is used to support any walls that aren't structurally sound within a building
Flying: Used to provide temporary support to 2 parallel walls
35
How is composite metal cladding fixed to a steel frame?
Primary fixing, Secondary Fixing
36
What is the build up to a door?
a. Top, bottom & lock rails
b. Mullion
c. Panels
d. Hinge
e. Casing
37
What are the key points of research on non-acm cladding?
Aim to identify whether other types of cladding burn like the aluminium composite material with unmodified polyethylene (ACM PE) on Grenfell Tower
38
Precast vs Handset façade
a. Precast panels concrete, off-site prefab
b. Handset in situ on site, installed by labour on site block by block
39
What were the key recommendations in the Hackitt Report?
New regulatory framework for buildings 10 storeys and above with oversight from fire/rescue & H&S
40
What factors may affect the choice of material for internal partitions?
a. Fire rating requirements
b. DB rating / noise restrictions
c. Visual requirements - opaque / transparent
d. Fixed or removable
e. Strength - fixing to the wall
41
What is the build up to a timber stud wall?
a. Non load-bearing
b. Top plate
c. Base plate
d. Noggins
e. Studs
f. Insulation
g. Plasterboard
42
What is a solid wall build up internally?
a. Load bearing
b. Solid wall (brickwork or blockwork)
c. Plaster
d. Timber battens
e. Insulation backed plaster with integral vapour membrane
43
How would you construct a ground floor slab?
a. Blinding layer - levelled
b. Reinforcement
c. Concrete slab – levelled
d. Waterproof membrane - DPM
e. Rigid insulation – impermeable
f. Vapour barrier
g. Screed
44
What were the thicknesses of your typical slabs?
250mm RC Slab
45
What was a typical wall build up for you scheme?
Add 30-30SS
46
What was a typical floor build up for your scheme?
Add belgrave
47
What are the different types of screed?
bonded, unbonded, floating, resin bonded
48
What is a threshold strip?
a. Lightly rounded metal strip over the joint between the floor finishes which meet under the door leaf
b. Prevents fraying & interrupts combustible flooring under fire doors
49
What is a raised access floor
Provides an elevated structural floor above a solid substrate (often a concrete slab) to create a hidden void for the passage of mechanical and electrical services
50
What is a typical ceiling build up on your scheme?
a. Slab
b. Tolerance zone
c. Ceiling MF hanger
d. Primary channel 45mm
e. Secondary channel 28mm
f. 2 layers of plasterboard 12.5mm each
51
What is a MF ceiling?
Mineral fibre plasterboard ceiling
52
What is a metal grid ceiling?
a. Quick to construct suspended ceiling
b. Hanging wire
c. Metal grid frame
d. Ceiling tiles / panels
53
What is powder coating
Applied on metals
54
What is intumescent paint?
Fire resistant paint which is sprayed on in the factory or painted on at site
55
What is the build-up of a metal stud wall?
a. Head and floor tracks / U channels
b. C stud
c. Partition brace
d. Insulation
e. Plasterboard
56
What are the different types of demolition?
Top don, blast, bottom up, end- end
57
What are facilitating works?
Specialist works that need completing before the main works commence
58
What are enabling works?
Preparations to make a building site ready for construction
59
What is an MVHR system?
Mechanical ventilation with heat recovery, Provides a constant supply of fresh filtered air, maintaining the air quality whilst being practically silent
60
What is an AHU system?
a. Used to recondition & circulate air as part of a HVAC system
b. Takes air outside, reconditions and supplies it as fresh air to building
61
What is a FCU?
a. Part of a HVAC system where it controls air temperature
b. Fed from an AHU - AHU gathers cold air from outside and heats or cools the air
62
What is a chilled beam?
a. Pipe that runs through ceiling that will be flushed with cold or hot water and will give cold or hot air out of the system
b. Alternative to FCU
63
Variable air volume units
a. Dampers in floor, air is flushed through, if damper is open, it allows hot or cold air to come through
64
Protect from fire?
a. Clear signage for evacuation routes
b. Fire extinguisher
c. Fire alarms
d. Fire sprinklers
e. Fire protection of facades, key frame elements
f. Dry or wet risers
65
What is the difference between dry and wet risers?
dry, empty piper, fire crew come and plug water supply into dry riser
wet, connected to water mains, water already flowing, fire fighters go straight to floor of fire.
66
What are types of electrical headings might you have in your cost plan?
a. Lighting
b. Security
c. BMS
d. Small power
e. AV/IT
67
What are types of mechanical headings might you have in your cost plan?
a. Ventilation
b. Heating & cooling
c. Disposal installations
d. Water installations
68
What are the advantages of modular construction?
i. Strong Structure
ii. Shorter construction time
iii. Factory conditions - not dependent on weather
iv. Cost effective repetition & standardisation - where bespokeness isnt required
v. Speed of implementation
vi. Better acoustics
vii. Less waste
69
What are the disadvantages of modular construction?
i. Restricted flexibility & choice
ii. Poorer overall design / aesthetic quality
iii. Difficulty transporting modules
iv. Investment required to develop & manufacture
v. Perceptions of historical performance
vi. More likely to need vesting - takes more time
70
What is a pitched roof?
a. Where any slope does exceed 10 degrees to the horizontal
71
What is a flat roof?
a. Where slope in any one plane doesn’t exceed 10 degrees to the horizontal
72
What are the typical roof spans?
a. Short - 7.6m >
b. Medium - 7.6m - 24.4m
c. Long 24.4m <
73
How was the flat roof constructed on your job?
a. Ceiling
b. Joists
c. Concrete roof deck
d. Vapour control layer (bitumen sheet)
e. Insulation (celotex)
f. Waterproofing layer (asphalt)
73
What are the factors affecting choice for roofs?
a. Structural form of building
b. Type of roof required
c. Availability
d. Speed of erection
e. Cost
74
Why might I choose a certain type of material?
a. Timber - low medium span, low rise buildings
b. steel - long spans
concrete - heavy, external floor provides space for plant
75
What are the advantages of a flat roof?
i. Cheaper
ii. Extra space for functions (roof garden, plant)
iii. Place for HVAC security (heating, ventilation and air conditioning)
iv. Fast & less disruptive installation process
76
What are the disadvantages of a flat roof?
i. Drainage issues
ii. Lack of options
iii. Low lifespans
77
How does drainage occur on a flat roof?
a. Slight pitch of a few degrees allows water to drain to gutters
b. Overflow drain
c. Roof outlet
78
How is a pitched roof constructed?
a. Ridge board & barge board
b. Roof joist
c. Breathable membrane / felt
d. Roof batten
e. Clay tiles / slates
79
What are the advantages of a pitched roof?
i. Loft space - flexibility / versatility
ii. Longer life span
iii. Rain water reuse
iv. Protection against hazards
v. Energy savings due to natural ventilation
80
What are the disadvantages of a pitched roof?
i. Greater burden on foundations
ii. Expensive to install / maintain
iii. Not feasible for buildings with multiple levels
81
What is a warm roof?
a. A type of roof construction which has an insulation layer above the rafters, and immediately below its weatherproof membrane
82
What are the advantages of a warm roof?
i. Waterproof membrane is accessible for repair
ii. Insulation can be secured without damage to WP membrane
iii. Less condensation risk
83
What is a cold roof?
a cold roof is roof in which the thermal insulation layer is located between the ceiling joists meaning that everything above the insulation, such as the rafters, and any roof space, will be colder than the living space below it
84
What are the disadvantages of a warm roof?
i. Vapour control level required
ii. Water may be trapped in insulation
iii. Membrane ages faster
iv. Insulation must support membrane
v. Membrane exposed to temperature range
85
What is a blue roof?
Designed to provide initial temporary water storage and the gradual release of stored water, typically rainfall, Water is stored in blue roof systems until it evaporates or is released downstream
86
What are the advantages of blue roofs?
i. Mitigate flood risk
ii. Less expensive than green roofs
iii. Reduce building cooling costs
87
What are the disadvantages of blue roofs?
i. No margin for error in water tightness
ii. Load capacity of roof must be high
iii. Standing water
88
What is a green roof?
A living roof that is partially or completely covered with vegetation and a growing medium, planted over a waterproofing membrane
89
What are the advantages of green roofs?
i. Improve drainage system
ii. Increase lifespan of the roof
iii. Boost thermal performance
iv. Sustainable & biodiversity
90
What are the disadvantages of green roofs?
i. More expensive than traditional
ii. Increase in weight load
iii. Extra maintenance
iv. Choice of plant limited by structural allowance
91
What are the advantages of steel? £3000/t
i. Lighter - offers potential savings to foundations through weight
ii. Fast erection on site
iii. Highest strength to weight ratio of any building material
iv. Recyclable
v. Non-combustible
92
What are the disadvantages of steel? £3000/t
i. Needs fire protection - costly & hot topic in the industry following Grenfell
ii. Parts may need replacing
iii. Price is variable
93
What are the advantages of concrete?
i. Greater thermal mass - less requirement on mechanical heating & cooling
ii. Greater acoustic properties
iii. Can be moulded into more complex shapes
iv. Greater fire resistance - no additional required
v. Lower lead in time
94
What are the disadvantages of concrete?
i. More time consuming & slower to construct
ii. Takes effort to get consistent finish
iii. Heavy = bigger & deeper foundations
iv. Steel reinforcement often required - vulnerable to fluctuating steel prices
95
What are the advantages of timber frames?
i. Better than carbon neutral as it removes CO2 from atmosphere
ii. No additional finishing required
iii. Efficient & quick to install
iv. Lightweight
96
What are the disadvantages of timber frames?
i. Cannot be used at great height
ii. Vulnerable to rot / termites
iii. Needs early design decisions
iv. High embodied carbon if delivered from afar
v. Needs perfectly flat foundations
97
What are the advantages of precast concrete?
Controlled factory conditions, Less labour & skilled labour required, Immediate installation on site
98
What are the disadvantages of precast concrete?
i. Heavy members to transport
ii. Small margin for error
iii. Limited design flexibility
iv. Connections may be difficult and expensive
99
What are the advantages of insitu concrete?
i. Late design changes can be incorporated
ii. Less logistics required in delivery
iii. Typically cheapest method
iv. Easier to install at heights
100
What are the disadvantages of insitu concrete?
i. On site quality control issues
ii.Very labour intensive site work
iii. High waste
iv. Risk of concrete mixing = breaking out
101
What factors did you consider when choosing a frame on your project?
a. Programme constraints
b. Complexity of design
c. Requirements for column space
d. Aesthetics & client aspirations
e. Repetitiveness of design
102
What are the 3 key different types of concrete slab?
Pre-tensioned, Post-tensioned, Reinforced
103
What is superstructure?
All external and internal structures above the substructure, including primary elements (walls, floors, roof), secondary elements (suspended ceilings, raised floors) and finishes
104
What is a concrete upstand?
a. Used to prevent cold bridging at the edge of the floor where it meets the wall.
b. A cold bridge or a thermal bridge is a weak spot in the insulation where heat can be lost
105
What is formwork?
a. The formwork serves as mould for concrete structural components unless such mould is provided by the soil, other structural components, etc.
106
Can you describe a traditional basement construction?
a. Retaining walls installed if required
b. Earthworks then excavated
c. When bottom reach, base of excavation compacted
d. Blinding layer laid and compacted
e. Ground bearing slab poured onto blinding layer
f. Walls and column cast
g. Basement lid constructed
107
What is a composite floor slab?
a. Slabs & beam acting compositely together
b. Profiled steel decking with insitu concrete
c. Decking acts like formwork to concrete
108
What are the types of excavation?
a. Traditional, open field - shallow basement with no site restrictions
b. Traditional, enclosed - retaining wall to perimeter
c. Non-traditional top down
109
What are the 4 types of basement retaining walls?
a. Contiguous pile wall
b. Secant pile wall
c. Sheet pile wall
d. Diaphragm wall
110
What is a contiguous pile wall and how is it constructed?
a. Wall consisting of discrete piles, typically at 150mm centres, leaving gaps where soil is exposed
b. Use rotary bored or CFA pile
c. Install pile cage reinforcement to allow pile to carry bending forces
d. Install capping beam for monolithic structure
e. Commence reduced level dig to formation level
111
What are the advantages of using a contiguous pile wall?
i. Minimal amount of excavation
ii. Low level noise, vibration & deformation of adjacent soil
iii. Good in urban environments
iv. Cheapest retaining wall / cost effective when compared to diaphragm
v. Faster to install than secant
112
What are the disadvantages of using a contiguous pile wall?
i. Lack of waterproofness key issue
ii. Only for certain soil depths / soil tolerances
113
What is a secant wall and how is it constructed?
A retaining wall constructed for ground retention prior to excavation
a. Guide wall
b. Piling mat - a type of working platform used for piling rigs to travel on, providing a stable base on which they can move around the site and operate
c. Installation of casing
d. Augering of primary borehole
e. Concreting of primary borehole (this process is repeated)
f. Augering of secondary borehole between and through 2 primary to create interlocking wall
g. Installation of steel cage
h. Concreting of secondary bore hole to flow and bind with existing concrete in primary bored piles
i. Capping beam for monolithic structure
j. Hard/ soft or firm - female = bentonite / concrete mix
k. Hard / hard - females cast with higher strength concrete & often reinforced too
114
What are the advantages of a secant wall?
i. Increased wall stiffness
ii. Can be installed in difficult ground
iii. Less noisy construction
iv. Can take heavy loads
v. Used for top down construction
115
What are the disadvantages of a secant wall?
i. Vertical tolerances may be hard to achieve with deep piles
ii. Expensive
iii. Total waterproofing tough to achieve
116
What are the advantages of sheet pile walls?
i. Lightweight
ii. Recyclable / reusable
iii. Pile length & design easily adaptable
iv. Construction in confined space
117
What is a steel sheet pile wall?
a. Used for earthworks retention & support
b. Sections of steel with interlocking edges
c. Hammer first sheet into ground
d. Drive second sheet so that it interlocks with first
e. Use connector elements to maintain integrity if complex shape
118
What are the disadvantages of sheet pile walls?
i. Doesn’t support load
ii. Unsuitable for difficult to penetrate soil
iii. Mostly used for temporary structures therefore costly to remove
iv. Vibration / impact hammers cause neighbourhood disturbance
119
What is a diaphragm wall?
a. A continuous retaining wall, providing stability & impenetrable barrier to water
b. Trench excavated in stages & bentonite pumped into the void to provide support
c. Prefabricated steel cages are lowered into the void to provide extra strength
d. Concrete poured into the void which displaces the bentonite forming solid panel
e. Process repeated until all panels join up & then interior excavated
120
What are the advantages of diaphragm walls
i. Water tightness
ii. Take high structural loads
iii. Suitable for unstable soil profiles
iv. No vibration during installation
v. Reduced construction time
121
What are the disadvantages of diaphragm walls
i. Not economical for small or shallow basements
ii. Require specialist equipment
iii. Expensive
122
How was top-down construction completed?
a. Secant pile retaining wall constructed
b. Install piles and plunge columns (secant wall piles cast to -01 where capping beam was cast)
c. Main CFA piles and plunge columns (both steel & precast) driven to -04
d. Cast ground floor slab with mole hole
e. Cast level -01 slab onto plunge columns with mole hole in the centre of the slab (by casting this slab before excavation, a permanent prop was provided to the
top of the secant wall which limited deflection to the neighbouring retained façade)
f. Excavate to -03, level -02 was skipped to allow for more headroom & bigger machinery
g. Cast -03 with mole hole
h. Excavate to -04 and cast pile caps & slab
i. Construct remaining permanent columns traditionally & cast level -02 slab
j. Fill in mole holes with formwork, rebar & poured concrete and connect to existing with couplers
k. When ground floor constructed, superstructure
123
What are the advantages of top-down construction?
i. Upward / downward construction occurs concurrently
ii. Programme savings
iii. Retaining wall provides permanent propping
124
What are the disadvantages of top-down construction?
i. More complex than traditional
ii. Inability to install external waterproofing outside the walls
iii. High risk
iv. Access to excavation is limited & limited space for slab construction
125
What is a plunge column?
A structural steel or concrete section embedded in a freshly poured concrete pile, eliminating the need for baseplates
126
What is a pile?
A column inserted into the ground to transmit the load of the structure to the lower subsoil
127
What are the different types of piles?
Bored and Driven
128
what is bored piling
i. Auger used to excavate the soil
ii. Bentonite stops collapse before being displaced by concrete
iii. CFA piles cause less vibration and noise
iv. Secant, diaphragm, continuous
129
what is driven piling
i. Precast piles are driven into ground
ii. Sectional piles can be joined together
iii. Minimal waste
iv. Not often favoured due to high noise levels with installation & lack of flexibility in terms of depth
130
What is an end bearing pile?
a. Develop most of their load bearing capacity at the toe of the pile, bearing on a hard layer of rock or very dense soil & gravel
b. Acts like a column transferring load from soft strata to hard strata
131
What is a friction pile?
a. Carry capacity by friction or adhesion
132
What is underpinning?
a. Process used to repair, strengthen or increase the depth of an existing foundation by lowering the footing to allow it to rest on more supportive soil
133
What are the different types of underpinning?
mass concrete, beam and base, expanding resin injection, mini-piled
134
What are strip foundations?
Shallow foundation used to provide continuous level strip of support to a linear structure
b. Excavate market trenches around perimeter & along load bearing walls
c. Concrete poured in and reinforcement strips
easy to build and cheap
not suitable for depper foundations and not for all soil types
135
What are pad foundations?
Form of spread foundation with square concrete pads that support loads such as columns
cost effective, less excavation
weak against lateral forces, foundation size could become very large
136
What are pile foundations?
Deep foundation which is a concrete or steel cylinder used to support high rise building construction
for heavy loads, neat
most costly, heavy equipment required
137
What are raft foundations?
A continuous slab resting on the soil that extends over the entire footprint of the building, transferring its weight to the ground
less excavation, economical for shallower foundations
prone to edge erosion, special measurement needed, may need reinforcement
138
What is substructure?
All structure below ground level including the ground floor bed
139
What is sustainability?
Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs
140
What at PV cells and how do they work?
Convert solar energy to electricity
141
What are Solar panels?
Convert solar energy to heat water
142
What is the standard brick size?
215 x 102.5 x 65
143
What is the standard size of blockwork?
440 x 215 x 215
144
What are the different types of brick bonds?
a. Stretcher bond (stretcher - stretcher)
b. English bond (row 1 stretcher, row 2 header)
c. Flemish bond (stretcher - header)
145
What is an external wall build up on your scheme?
a. Brickwork
b. Cavity
c. DPC
d. Insulation
e. Vapour barrier
f. Reinforcing mesh
g. Render basecoat
h. Render finishing coat
145
What is an air brick?
a. A perforated brick to allow for ventilation into a room or underfloor space
146
In a brick/block cavity wall, how are window openings dealt with in terms of closing the cavity & preventing water penetration?
a. Cavity tray
b. DPC
147
What is a living wall?
Wall comprising of plants grown in supported vertical systems that are attached to an internal or external wall
148
Why would you choose to use a faux wall?
a. Cheaper cost per £/ft2
b. Cost effective
c. Ease of maintenance
d. Savings on time, cost, energy
e. Ease of install
149
What are the 4 waterproofing grades?
Grade 1 - Basic utilities, some water
Grade 2 - electrical plant and utilities required dry areas, no water penetration acceptable
Grade 3 - Habitable areas such as ventilated residential / commercial areas, No water or damp penetration
Grade 4 - Specialist areas with controlled environments e.g. art galleries / archives
150
How can you achieve the grades?
Barrier, structurally integral WP, Drained protection
151
Where would you find information on waterproofing?
National building specification & BS for guidance
152
What was your basement wall build up?
TBC
153
What is a waterproof membrane?
a. Thin layer of water-tight material that is laid over a surface it is continuously laid
154
What is mastic asphalt tanking?
a. Used to provide a continuous waterproof membrane which is applied to the base slab and walls
155
What is a liquid applied membrane?
a. Arrives on site in liquid form and is sprayed or brushed on the surface
156
What is a drained cavity system?
Designed to drain any water that penetrates the building envelope down the back of the exterior cladding through gravity assisted drainage
157
What is a DPC?
a. Damp proof course
b. Barrier through the structure designed to prevent moisture rising by capillary action (e.g. damp)
158
What is a DPM?
a. Damp proof membrane
b. Membrane material applied to prevent moisture transmission under slab
