Construction And Materials Flashcards
Located underneath rebars to maintain a space for concrete pouring
“Sapatos”/ Spacer
Refers to the sound or defect itself in a wall where plaster were not applied properly or has not bonded well
“Kapak”/ Hollow sound
Appears on the surface of the concrete due to wrong application, poor cement to water ratio, inefficient means of vibration, and improper rebar placement
“Ampaw”/ concrete honeycomb
When a wall is vertically aligned with respect to a plumb bob
“Hulog”
Serves as a temporary mold for structural components, usually made of phenolic board.
“Porma”/ formwork
Building material waste such as tiles, stone, and other architectural finishes.
“Retaso”/ scrap
Application of plaster to the walls. Used to hide surface imperfections and smooth out uneven façade.
“Palitada”/ plastering
Used to ensure that the wall and finishes are aligned and installed properly.
“Tansi”/ nylon string
Put everhthing in place/ in order. Workers usually do this before the turnover or before they pack up and go home after work.
“Kamada”
Used to cover imperfections and to hide plumbing, mechanical, and electrical pipes on the soffit.
“Tambol” / Board up
A tool used in driving the head of a nail below.
“Punsol”/ nail setter
A rail which can be held, such as on the side of a staircase, ramp or other walkway, and serving as a support or guard.
“Gabay”/Railing
This directs the water to run straight to the drain.
“Clebe”/ slope of the drain
The closed loop reinforcement bar which holds the main reinforcement bars together. It is provided to keep the bars in their required position.
“Anilyo”/ Stirrups or ties
A corner or kanto is formed by joining two pieces of material ( ex.wood) at an angle of 90°, such that the line of junction bisects this angle.
“Kanto Mesa”- Miter joint
A tool used to spread evenly building materials such as cement or plaster.
“Rodelang bakal”/ Metal Trowel
Used for filling holes, and minor cracks to achieve smooth, and levelled surface.
“Masilya”/ Putty
To arrange things parallel ro each other or positioned in a straight line.
“Asintada”/ alignment
The projecting helical rib of a screw/ pipe/ bolt.
“Roskas”/ Thread
The excess from the main piece that has been cut. Usually found at the termination and can still be re-used.
“Cerrujo”/ Offcut
A design concept that was developed in the 1990s by Prof. Dr. Michael Braungart, William McDonough and the scientists of EPEA in Hamburg. A term used to describe a material or
product that is recycled into a new or similar product at the end of
its intended life
Cradle-to-Cradle
A term used to describe a material or
product that is disposed (landfill, incineration, etc.) of at the end
of its intended life
Cradle-to-grave
Refers to a paper or foil face on one side of a
blanket/batt insulation; function is to increase R-value in the
case of foil and provide a vapor barrier in the case of either a
paper or foil face. The faced side always goes on the conditioned
side of the construction
Faced
Typically ½” diameter galvanized steel grouted in
to CMU or embedded into poured-in-place concrete. Connects sill
plate to foundation wall
Anchor bolt
Rafter, Framing, Angle, Hurricane
Clip
Anchor/ Bracket Types
A natural or synthetically
derived chemical additive incorporated into or onto product
surfaces to prevent microbial growth, odors, and stains.
Antimicrobial Preservative
Solid surface, Shims, sleds, or router
repairs, and tight knots to 1 inch across grain permitted. Wood
or synthetic repairs permitted. Some minor splits permitted
B Grade Plywood
The side opposite the face; or the poorer side of a plywood
panel
Back
Supports handrail, prevents people from failing.
Commercial applications must pass the 4” ball test
Balusters
Thick layer of dead cells
Bark
Fiberglass (may be pink or yellow); comes in
rolls, can be difficult or impossible to install post construction;
also used for sound separation
Batts/Blankets
A structural member transversely supporting a load
Beam
A product (other than food or feed) that is produced from renewable agricultural (plan, animal and marine) or forestry materials
Bio-Based Product
Capable of decomposing in nature within a
reasonably short period of time
Biodegradable
Agents derived from living
organisms (e.g. viruses, bacteria, fungi, and mammal and bird
antigens) that can be inhaled and can exacerbate many types of
health effects including allergic reactions, respiratory disorders,
hypersensitivity diseases and infectious diseases. Also referred to
as “microbiologicals” or “microbials”
Biological Contaminants
Wood-based materials, agricultural crops, landfill
gas, animal and other organic waste. When used as an energy
source, biomass is considered to be a source of renewable energy
Biomass
The study of nature and imitation of nature’s
forms. The process of learning from and then emulating life’s
genius
Biomimicry
Arranged like the pages of a book - veneer leafs
are flipped creating a mirrored effect; typically consistent size
panels; somewhat low in efficiency; moderate cost; higher on the
aesthetic scale
Book Match
Non- structural, hollow insides; intended to give
aesthetic effect of a heavier structural member.
Box Beam
Diagnosable illness with
symptoms that can be identified and with a cause that can be
directly attributed to airborne building pollutants (e.g.
Legionnaire’s Disease, hypersensitivity pneumonitis)
Building Related Illness (BRI)
Several pieces of dimensional lumber,
often 2x’s oriented vertically, adhered or fastened together
Built-up Wood Beam
Tight knots 1-½ inch if total width of knots
and knotholes is within specified limits. Synthetic or wood
repairs. Discoloration and sanding defects that do not impair
strength permitted. Limited splits allows. Stitching permitted.
C Grade Plywood
Single layer of cells where all growth occurs
Cambium
A colorless, odorless gas, formed
naturally by decomposition, combustion, breathing, etc. CO2
contributes to global warming.
Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
Provides lateral bracing for roof, and attachment
for ceiling finish
Ceiling Joist
The principle constituent of wood which forms the
framework of the wood cells
Cellulose
Class of volatile, non-reactive,
non-corrosive, non-flammable, and easily liquefied gases,
typically used in refrigeration and believed to be responsible for
the deterioration of the stratospheric ozone
Chlorofluorocarbon (CFC):
See “Global Warming Potential (GWP)
Climate Change
The process of recycling in such a way
that eh components of the original product are reclaimed or
utilized into similar products without the process of downcycling
Closed Loop Recycling
aka concrete block;
standard size 8”x8”x16’’
Concrete Masonry Unit (CMU)
A building’s outside corners or more
susceptible to wind loads than the middle of walls. Additional
strength is necessary—note that a tighter nail spacing is required
at the corners compared to intermediate studs
Corner Bracing
Short studs above the header, or below sill
Cripples
Moderate efficiency, moderate price, cathedral
forms in grain pattern, some challenges in matching
Crown Slice
Studs remain straight, but a curved sole plate is
needed
Curved Walls
Knots and knotholes to 2-½ inch with
across grain and ½ inch larger within specified limits. Limited
splits allowed. Stitching permitted. Limited to Interior, Exposure
1 and Exposure 2 panels.
D Grade Plywood
A concept or
philosophy applied to the design process that advocates the
reduction of environmental and human health impacts through
material selection and design strategies
Design for the Environment (DIE)
Tops out the wall construction to strengthen
the transition to the roof (or the next floor)
Double (top) plate
The process of recycling in such a way that new
products are of lesser economic value. An example would be
turning nylon face fiber into park benches
Downcycling
The term is a misnomer since all fungi require
considerable moisture; however, it is loosely applied to many
types of decay which when discovered in the advanced stage,
permit wood to be easily crushed to a dry powder
Dry Rot
An eco-friendly a zero-emissions drywall “that takes
90 percent less energy to produce.” The creation of drywall is an
“energy-intensive process, accounting for about one percent of
U.S. energy consumption and 25 billion pounds of CO in the air
each year.”
EcoRock
The interaction of organisms from the natural
community with one another and their environment to sustain
one another.
Ecosystem
Is a combination of the energy required for
the process to make a product and the molecular energy inherent
in the product’s material content
Embodied Energy
The release of any gas, particle or vapor into the
environment
Emission
Caps the end of the joist cavity
End Blocking
Used multiple rows of panels; leafs are book
matched in both the horizontal and the vertical direction; low
efficiency, high cost, very high on the aesthetic scale
End Match
The monetary impact from the negative
environmental effects resulting from the choices we make. Also
see “Ecological Footprint”
Environmental Cost
Series of
activities to monitor and manage the environmental impacts of
manufacturing activities
Environmental Management Systems (EMS)
An independent
executive agency of the federal government, established in 1970,
responsible for the formulation and enforcement of regulation
governing the release of pollutants, to protect public health and
the environment
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
A generic statement often used to
designate product or process that has a reduced ecological
footprint when compared to other products/processes
Environmentally Friendly
Products, services, or systems
that have a lesser or reduced effect on human health and the
environment when compared with competing products, services
or systems that serve the same purpose
Environmentally Preferable
sprayed application between studs and in
small cavities; extremely effective, but special respirators
required.
Expanding Foam
Fiberglass product, very inexpensive, ready to
paint
Fiberboard
The wood components exposed to view on
the interior of a building, such as window and door casings,
baseboards, bookshelves, and the like.
Finish Carpentry
Approximate location of soil in relation to
foundation wall. Important that sill plate is at least 8” above
grade around entire perimeter of building
Finished Grade
specialty horizontal wood piece fastened inside the
stud cavity to prevent fire from traveling quickly to upper stories
Fire-stop
Made up of multiple veneer leafs that are bundled
together in the exact sequence of slicing from a log
Flitch
Multiple pieces of dimensional
lumber joined by a steel plate and through bolt connections with
washers and nuts. Ratios typically work like this—2 pieces of
lumber with one steel plate, 3 pieces of lumber with 2 steel plates,
etc.
Flitch Plate Wood Beam
Nonflammable, heat-stable hydrocarbon liquid
or gas, in which some or all hydrogen atoms have been replaced
by fluorine atoms. As with CFCs, fluorocarbons, traditionally
used as propellants (spray cans), are classified as ozonedepleting
substances
Fluorocarbon
Fine, noncombustible particulate primarily resulting
form the combustion of coal in furnaces and kilns. Often used as
a filler material in concrete to displace virgin raw materials
Fly Ash
Poured in place concrete
Footing
(FSC) non-profit organization
devoted to encouraging the responsible management of the
world’s forests. FSC sets high standards that ensure forestry is
practiced in an environmentally responsible, socially beneficial,
and economically viable way.
Forest Stewardship Council
Any petroleum based fuel source (gasoline, natural
gas, fuel oil, etc.)
Fossil Fuel
Poured in place or CMU
Foundation Wall
Typically filamentous, eukaryotic, non-chlorophyllic
microorganisms. Fungi grow on dead or dying organic matter
and may also grow on some building materials where excess
moisture is present. Fungi can cause pungent odors, unsightly
stains, and premature bio-deterioration of interior furnishings.
Fungi
Supports joists
Girder
This is the impact of
greenhouse gas emissions which contribute to the ‘greenhouse
effect.; Elevated concentrations of greenhouse gases contribute to
global warming and increased climate variability. Also referred
to as Climate Change.
Global Warming Potential (GWP)
Several pieces of dimensional
lumber or plywood (can be of varying dimensions, adhered
together under pressure
Glue Laminated Wood Beam
The designation of the quality of a manufactured piece of
wood
Grade
Smooth, paintable. Not more than 18 nearly
made repairs, boat, sled, or router type, and parallel to grain,
permitted. Wood or synthetic repairs permitted. May be used for
natural finish in less demanding applications.
A Grade Plywood
The direction, side, arrangement, appearance or quality of
the fibers in wood.
Grain
Freshly sawed lumber or lumber that has
received no intentional drying, containing a moisture content in
excess of 30%; also called unseasoned, wet
Green Lumber
A green tag, or Renewable Energy Certificate
(REC), represents the environmental attributes created when
electrivity is generated using renewable resources instead of
fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas. RECs can be sold
separately from their associated electricity and enable customers
to ‘green’ the electricity they consume from their retail power
supplier(s)
Green Tag
Gases which contribute to the
greenhouse effect. These include carbon dioxide, methane,
nitrous oxide, etc.
Greenhouse Gases (GHG)
aka plasterboard; drywall, sheetrock
Gypsum Board
Supported by balusters and posts. Code limits size to
1 ½ “ diameter in commercial applications
Handrail
Beams and Joists
Hanger
The botanical group of trees that are broad-leaved
and deciduous. The term has no reference to the actual hardness
of the wood. Types include Chestnut, Poplar, Cherry, Maple,
Oak, Pecan, Walnut, Birch, etc. Uses are furniture veneers,
panelings, and flooring
Hardwood
A heavy beam extended across the top of the rough
opening of a window or door, which rests on the jack studs to
support the weight of the wall above the header. Often doubled
2x6, 2x10, 2x12s (with a plywood layer between to equal the
depth of the wall unit)
Header
Caps end of floor joists at exterior face of exterior
wall
Header Joist
The wood extending from the pith to the sapwood,
the cells of which no longer participate in the growth process of
the tree. Heartwood may be impregnated with gums, resins, and
other materials, which usually make it darker and more decayresistant
than sapwood
Heartwood
Acceptable IAQ is air in which
there are no known contaminants at harmful concentrations as
determined by cognizant authorities and with which a
substantial majority (80% or more) of the people exposed do not
express dissatisfaction.
Indoor Air Quality (IAQ)
An approach to the design of industrial
products and processes that evaluates such activities through the
dual perspectives of product competitiveness and environmental
interactions
Industrial Ecology
Double studs to the side
Jamb
One in a series of parallel beams used to support floor and
ceiling loads, supported in turn by bigger beams, girders or
bearing walls typically 2x10 or 2x12
Joist
That portion of a branch or limb, which has been
surrounded by subsequent growth of wood. A loose knot is
considered a wood defect
Knot
A piece of wood built up of laminations that
have been joined either with glue or mechanical fastenings.
Laminated Wood
Intermediate platform in a staircase that allows the
stair to change direction, and allows a person to rest. Long
stairways are required to have landings by code for safety and
ADA concerns
Landing
Soil - places horizontal pressure on
foundations and footings. Wind - places horizontal pressure on
exterior walls.
Lateral Loads
A single sliced sheet of veneer within a flitch; depending
on the slicing method, each leaf will vary in width
Leaf
A series of building rating products developed by the
U.S. Green Builiding Council to provide a standard for what
constitutes a “green building” or “high performance” building.
The various LEED products are used to design guidelines and
third-party certification tools, aiming to improve occupant wellbeing,
environmental performance and economic returns of
buildings used to establish and innovative practices, standards
and technologies. The collection of LEED New Construction
(NC) for newly constructed buildings, LEED Commericial
Interiors (CI) for tenant build-outs, LEED Existing Buildings
(EB) for existing buildings, and LEED Core and Shell (CS). An
effort is also underway to develop LEED for Homes.
LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental
Design)
A compilation and evaluation of the
inputs, outputs, and the potential environmental impacts of a
product or system throughout its life cycle.
Life Cycle Assessment
aka “blown in” insulation; made of pieces of
cellulose (ground newspaper or fabric)
Loose Fill
The product of the saw and planning mill not further
manufactured than by sawing, re-sawing, and passing
lengthwise through a standard planning machine, cross-cut to
length and worked
Lumber
A compilation of information
required under the OSHA hazard communication standard,
including a listing of hazardous chemicals, health and physical
hazards, exposure limits and handling precautions.
Material Safety Data Sheet
Medium Density Fiberboard, primed and ready to paint or
with wood veneer
MDF
Lumber that is shaped to a pattern or to a molded
form in addition to being dressed, matched, or shiplapped, or any
combination of these.
Millwork
aka “house wrap” or “Tyvek”; blocks
moisture vapor migration from the exterior to the interior of a
building
Moisture Barrier
A method of gluing in which the nails hold the
wood members together until the glue sets
Nail- Glued
Sources of energy that cannot be
replaced in a reasonable period of time. Fossil Fuels are
examples of nonrenewable energy sources.
Nonrenewable Energy
Leading edge or corner of stair tread; overhang not
required
Nosing
Greenhouse gas reduction activities undertaken to
compensate for emissions elsewhere
Offsets
Oriented Stand Board; wood chips and adhesive
directionally oriented and layered like plywood in perpendicular
layers; better moisture resistance than particle board.
OSB
A composition board consisting of distinct
particles of wood bonded together with a synthetic resin or other
binder
Particle Board
Fine solid particles of dust, spores, pollens,
dander, skin flakes, mire allergens, cell debris, mold, mildew,
mineral fibers or solids escaping from combustion processes that
are small enough to become suspended in the air, and in some
cases small enough to be inhaled.
Particulate
Solid-state devices (typically made from
silicon) that directly convert sunlight to electricity
Photovoltaic Cells
Wet application by skilled trades that results in
monolithic appearance without seams; very smooth, high-end.
finish; expensive labor.
Plaster
A crossbanded assembly made of layers of veneer or
with veneer in combination with a lumber core, particleboard
core, or other types of composition core, all joined with an
adhesive
Plywood
Primary vertical support, transition between horizontal
and angle portions of the stair handrail
Post
Material that has been
recovered after its intended use as a consumer product. Examples
include reclaimed carpet tiles (for new title backing)
Post-Consumer Recycled Content
Material that has been
recovered from the manufacturing waste stream before it has
served its intended purpose
Post-Industrial Recycled Content
Any substance that will prevent, for a reasonable
length of time, the action of wood-destroying fungi, insets of
various kinds and similar destructive life when the wood has
been properly coated or impregnated with it.
Preservative
Pressure treated wood sill place. Supports floor joists,
separates standard wood lumber from potentially wet portions of
the wall (foundation wall)
PT Sill
“Pressure Treated Wood”. Chemical treatment
applied to wood that has been kiln dried; guards against WDO
and dry rot
PT Wood
Less efficient, more expensive, tighter linear
grain pattern, easier to match
Quarter Slice
a number indicating the ability to insulate. Everything
has an R-value. The higher the number, the greater that object’s
ability to insulate
R-Value
Widely spaced large roof member
Rafter
Most efficient, least expensive, typically least
attractive, varies in size
Random Match
A designation for products or materials that are
capable of being recovered from, or other wise diverted from
waste streams for recycling
Recyclable
Refers to the percentage of the total weight
of recycled materials in a products
Recycled Content
the series of activities, including collection,
separation, and processing, by which materials are recovered
from the waste stream for use as raw materials in the
manufacture of new products
Recycling
Energy derived from sources which are
regenerative or recurring. Examples- wind energy, hydro-,
geothermal, or wave action
Renewable Energy
A resource that can be replenished at
a rate equal to, or greater than its rate of depletion. Examplescorn,
trees, soy-based products, etc.
Renewable Resources
Allows a flooring product to be cleaned or
refurbished and then reused in its current form, thereby
extending its useful life. Interface currently repurposed carpet by
offering it to nonprofit organizations.
Repurposing
made of polystyrene; available in 4’x8’ sheets; typically
un-faced; higher R-value per inch thickness than batt; often
installed in a continuous, uninterrupted, behind siding and
vapor barrier
Rigid
