Constructing, Deconstructing And Reconstrucing Gender

Question 1

Created the ‘Language and Woman’s Place

Answer 1

Robert Lakoff

Question 2

A way of speaking that both reflects and produces a subordinate position in society.

Answer 2

Robert Lakoff

Question 3

According to him, women’s language is rife with such devices as mitigates and inessential qualifiers.

Answer 3

Robert Lakoff

Question 4

Sort of , I think

Answer 4

Mitigators

Question 5

Really happy, so beautiful

Answer 5

Inessential qualifiers

Question 6

1. Women and men talk differently.

2. That differences in women’s and men’s speech are the result of–and support- Male dominance

Answer 6

Lakoff’s claim

Question 7

Two different, even conflicting, paradigms

Answer 7

Difference and Dominance

Question 8

Argued that girls and boys live in different subcultures analogous to the distinct subcultures associated with those from different class or ethnic background.

Answer 8

Deborah Tannen (1990)

Question 9

With assumption that interruption is a strategy for asserting conversational dominance and that conversational dominance in turn support global dominance.

Answer 9

Zimmerman and west (1975)

Question 10

Argued that women and girls have different modes of moral reasoning.

Answer 10

Carol Gillian (1982)

Question 11

Argued that framing questions about language and gender in terms of a difference -dominance dichotomy was not especially illuminating and urged researchers to look more closely at these differences.

Answer 11

Nancy Henley (1983)

Question 12

Gender is the one between how women and men speak, and how they are spoken of.

Answer 12

-

Question 13

Made a public declaration that the use of the masculine pronouns to refer to people generically.

Answer 13

Department of Linguistics at Harvard University

Question 14

Language and the use of language

Answer 14

Inseparable

Question 15

Feminism and Linguistic Theory argued that the standard linguistic focus on a static linguistic system obscured the real gender dimensions of language.

Answer 15

Deborah Cameron (1985)

Question 16

Emphasizes both the historical and dynamic character of language, and the interactive dimensions of its use.

Answer 16

“Discourse turn” in language and gender

Question 17

In this view, gender doesn’t just exist, but it’s continually produced, reproduced, and indeed changed through people’s performance of gendered acts.

Answer 17

Gender as involving what people “do”

Question 18

Language is never “all” that matters socially because it is always accompanied by other meaningful aspects of interactions such as:

Answer 18

Facial expressions, dress, location & physical contact

Question 19

A system of meaning- a way of construing notion of male and female- and language is the primary means through which we maintain or contest old meanings, and construct or resist new ones.

Answer 19

Gender

Question 20

Every contribution one makes in an interaction as part of the carrying out of one’s intentions with respect to others.

Answer 20

Social ‘move’

Question 21

Gender Is not something we are born with and not something we have, but something we do

Answer 21

West and Zimmerman (1987)

Question 22

Is a biological categorization based primarily on reproductive potential.

Answer 22

Sex

Question 23

Women are not born, they are made.

Answer 23

Simone de Beauvoir

Question 24

Found that adults watching a crying infant were more likely to hear the cry as angry if they believed the infant was a boy, and as plaintive or fearful if they believed the infant was a girl.

Answer 24

Condry (1976)

Question 25

Provides a dramatic example of children’s coming to perform gender.

Answer 25

Voice

Question 26

In what age do boys and girls exhibit the same play behaviors?

Answer 26

Two

Question 27

It is reinforced from culture to culture and community to community.

Answer 27

Separation

Question 28

Points out that schools provide a sufficiently large population that boys and girls can separate.

Answer 28

Thorne (1993)

Question 29

Argues that Because of separation, girls and boys develop different verbal cultures- different ways of interacting, verbally and different verbal cultures.

Answer 29

Daniel Maltz and Ruth Borker (1982)

Question 30

Is an extraordinarily powerful force in the maintenance of gender order (Connell, 1987).

Answer 30

Concentration of Desire or Cathexis

Question 31

Does not end with childhood or adolescence but continues to be transformed as we move into the market place -to act like secretaries , lawyers, managers, etc.

Answer 31

Gender Development

Question 32

First Fundamental principle of gender

Answer 32

Gender is learned

Question 33

Second Fundamental gender principle

Answer 33

Gender is collaborative.

Question 34

Third Fundamental Gender Principle

Answer 34

Gender is not something we have, but something we do.

Question 35

Fourth Fundamental Gender Principle

Answer 35

Gender is symmetrical.

Question 36

Said that gender is a just as system to justify inequality.

Answer 36

Kate Bornstein (1998)

Question 37

Emphasizes that children have a very clear knowledge of their gender by the time they are three years old.

Answer 37

Eleanor Maccoby (2002)

Question 38

Does not simply prescribe that male and female should be different, it insists that they simply are different.

Answer 38

Dominant ideology

Question 39

Provides a particularly powerful force in gender enforcement as people tend to compare themselves not with people of other gender but with people of their own.

Answer 39

Recursiveness

Question 40

Division of Labor
Women;s function is for the ______.
Men’s to the ______.

Answer 40

Domestic

Public realm

Question 41

Is not just a matter of widespread ideas but includes the organization of social life more generally.

Answer 41

Hegemony

Question 42

Has a theory of hegemony which focuses on this location of power in everyday routine structures, emphasizing that the most effective form of domination is the assimilation of the wider population into one’s worldview.

Answer 42

Anton Gramsci (1971)

Question 43

Two kinds of masculinities

Answer 43

1. Physical masculinity -working class

2. Technical masculinity - upper-middle class

Question 44

Is a term used to refer to human activity when emphasizing the conventional aspect of activity and its relation to social structure.

Answer 44

Social practice