Chapter 2- Linking The Linguistic To The Social Flashcards
Is a communicative practice mediated by a linguistic system or systems.
Language
Is the knowledge underlying the ability to produce and recognize a sentence of English.
Linguistic competence
Emphasize that knowledge of a grammar is not sufficient to participate in verbal practice- one needs to know the conventions by which people engage with each other in linguistic activity.
Sociolinguistic and Linguistic Anthropologists
People developed their linguistic competence in use and along with the linguistic system or system and they learn how to put the systems to work in social situations.
Wider communicative competence
US feminists introduced the social title ‘Ms.’ Into the lexicon of address forms for the purpose to provide an equivalent of ‘Mr.’
late 1960
A title not for female equality but as an alternative to offending women whose marital status was unknown to the advertiser.
MS.
Focused on day-to-day performances that have become part of our more-or-less automatic verbal routine.
Linguists
A community sharing rules for the conduct and interpretation of speech and rules for the interpretation of at least one linguistic variety. (Dell Hymes, 1972)
Speech Community
A group of people who develop activities and ways of engaging in those activities, they develop common knowledge and beliefs, ways of relating to each other, ways of talking-in short, practices. (Jean Lave & Etienne Wengerm, 1991)
Community of Practice
The level of social organization at which people experience the social order on a personal and day-to-day basis.
Community of practice
Has dealt with nexus in his important insight that social interaction always involves ‘facework’.
Erving Goffman (1967)
Is the positive social value a person effectively claims for himself by the line other assume he has taken during a particular contact.
Face
Is something we can ‘lose’ or ‘save’ in our dealings with one another, it is tied to our presentations of ourselves and to our acknowledgement of others as certain kinds of people.
Face
Covers all the many things people do to project certain personae and to ratify or reject other peoples’ projections of their claimed ‘personae’
Facework
Enter into shaping both the face individuals want to protect and the face others are willing to ascribe to them.
Gender ideology and Gender identity
A highly structured system of signs, or combinations of form and meaning.
Language
Parts or Levels of Linguistic System
Phonology, Morphology, Gender in grammar, Lexicon, Syntax, Discourse, Semantics and Pragmatics
Structures the units of sound (or of gesture in the case of signed language) that constitute linguistic form. It is based in a structured set of distinctions of sound (phonemes).
Phonology
Do not themselves carry meaning, but provide the means to make distinctions that are in turn associated with distinction in meaning.
Phonemes
Phoneticians who show that people’s beliefs about gender of a speaker actually affect the way they hear phonetic segments
Elizabeth Strand and Keith Johnson (1996)
The level of grammar at which recurring units of sound are paired with meaning. -ing, -ly
Morphology
Refers to the basic, indivisible combinations of form (sounds) and meaning in a language.
Morphemes
Are what we usually think of when we think about words: cats or dance -only need to be used if one wants to speak about cats or dancing.
Lexical morphemes
Have a very abstract meanings that can be combined in a rule-governed way with many different morphemes, hence they turn up more or less regardless of the topic.
Grammatical morphemes
Refer to the inventory of lexical morphemes and words in a language. It is the most changeable parts of language and an important site for bringing in new ideas.
Lexicon
Combines words into sentences- linguistic structures that express thoughts or propositions.
Syntax
Linguists often say that the subject in such sentences plays the role of ______ and the object plays the roles of ________.
Agent, Theme
Can be very useful if the agent is unknown or is not relevant for the purpose at hand.
Agentless passives
Refer to the study of structure and meaning that goes beyond the level of the sentence.
Discourse
Deals with how the meanings of grammatical morphemes and lexical items are combined to yield the proposition also meanings expressed by sentences.
Semantics
Play a central role in helping participants understand how language is being put to work in discourse.
Semantics and Pragmatics
A terms used to describe how these stereotypes are accepted as scientific fact and become part of the background of general truth about language and gender.
Hall of Mirrors (Shan Wareing, 1996)
Found that there is no evidence of gender differences in speakers general rates of interruption.
James and Sandra Clarke (1993)
Are the starting point of much research on language and gender for a reason.
Stereotypes
Means “lack” and implies “need” which further implies the right to have.
Wants- men
States a preference, not an intent, and therefore runs the idea up the flagpole to see if anyone is against it..
Would like -women
Found that girls need were more tightly constrained by hierarchies of popularity, while boys tended to compete over individual skills rather than global status.
Expert (1989)
