Chapter 2- Linking The Linguistic To The Social

Question 1

Is a communicative practice mediated by a linguistic system or systems.

Answer 1

Language

Question 2

Is the knowledge underlying the ability to produce and recognize a sentence of English.

Answer 2

Linguistic competence

Question 3

Emphasize that knowledge of a grammar is not sufficient to participate in verbal practice- one needs to know the conventions by which people engage with each other in linguistic activity.

Answer 3

Sociolinguistic and Linguistic Anthropologists

Question 4

People developed their linguistic competence in use and along with the linguistic system or system and they learn how to put the systems to work in social situations.

Answer 4

Wider communicative competence

Question 5

US feminists introduced the social title ‘Ms.’ Into the lexicon of address forms for the purpose to provide an equivalent of ‘Mr.’

Answer 5

late 1960

Question 6

A title not for female equality but as an alternative to offending women whose marital status was unknown to the advertiser.

Answer 6

MS.

Question 7

Focused on day-to-day performances that have become part of our more-or-less automatic verbal routine.

Answer 7

Linguists

Question 8

A community sharing rules for the conduct and interpretation of speech and rules for the interpretation of at least one linguistic variety. (Dell Hymes, 1972)

Answer 8

Speech Community

Question 9

A group of people who develop activities and ways of engaging in those activities, they develop common knowledge and beliefs, ways of relating to each other, ways of talking-in short, practices. (Jean Lave & Etienne Wengerm, 1991)

Answer 9

Community of Practice

Question 10

The level of social organization at which people experience the social order on a personal and day-to-day basis.

Answer 10

Community of practice

Question 11

Has dealt with nexus in his important insight that social interaction always involves ‘facework’.

Answer 11

Erving Goffman (1967)

Question 12

Is the positive social value a person effectively claims for himself by the line other assume he has taken during a particular contact.

Answer 12

Face

Question 13

Is something we can ‘lose’ or ‘save’ in our dealings with one another, it is tied to our presentations of ourselves and to our acknowledgement of others as certain kinds of people.

Answer 13

Face

Question 14

Covers all the many things people do to project certain personae and to ratify or reject other peoples’ projections of their claimed ‘personae’

Answer 14

Facework

Question 15

Enter into shaping both the face individuals want to protect and the face others are willing to ascribe to them.

Answer 15

Gender ideology and Gender identity

Question 16

A highly structured system of signs, or combinations of form and meaning.

Answer 16

Language

Question 17

Parts or Levels of Linguistic System

Answer 17

Phonology, Morphology, Gender in grammar, Lexicon, Syntax, Discourse, Semantics and Pragmatics

Question 18

Structures the units of sound (or of gesture in the case of signed language) that constitute linguistic form. It is based in a structured set of distinctions of sound (phonemes).

Answer 18

Phonology

Question 19

Do not themselves carry meaning, but provide the means to make distinctions that are in turn associated with distinction in meaning.

Answer 19

Phonemes

Question 20

Phoneticians who show that people’s beliefs about gender of a speaker actually affect the way they hear phonetic segments

Answer 20

Elizabeth Strand and Keith Johnson (1996)

Question 21

The level of grammar at which recurring units of sound are paired with meaning. -ing, -ly

Answer 21

Morphology

Question 22

Refers to the basic, indivisible combinations of form (sounds) and meaning in a language.

Answer 22

Morphemes

Question 23

Are what we usually think of when we think about words: cats or dance -only need to be used if one wants to speak about cats or dancing.

Answer 23

Lexical morphemes

Question 24

Have a very abstract meanings that can be combined in a rule-governed way with many different morphemes, hence they turn up more or less regardless of the topic.

Answer 24

Grammatical morphemes

Question 25

Refer to the inventory of lexical morphemes and words in a language. It is the most changeable parts of language and an important site for bringing in new ideas.

Answer 25

Lexicon

Question 26

Combines words into sentences- linguistic structures that express thoughts or propositions.

Answer 26

Syntax

Question 27

Linguists often say that the subject in such sentences plays the role of ______ and the object plays the roles of ________.

Answer 27

Agent, Theme

Question 28

Can be very useful if the agent is unknown or is not relevant for the purpose at hand.

Answer 28

Agentless passives

Question 29

Refer to the study of structure and meaning that goes beyond the level of the sentence.

Answer 29

Discourse

Question 30

Deals with how the meanings of grammatical morphemes and lexical items are combined to yield the proposition also meanings expressed by sentences.

Answer 30

Semantics

Question 31

Play a central role in helping participants understand how language is being put to work in discourse.

Answer 31

Semantics and Pragmatics

Question 32

A terms used to describe how these stereotypes are accepted as scientific fact and become part of the background of general truth about language and gender.

Answer 32

Hall of Mirrors (Shan Wareing, 1996)

Question 33

Found that there is no evidence of gender differences in speakers general rates of interruption.

Answer 33

James and Sandra Clarke (1993)

Question 34

Are the starting point of much research on language and gender for a reason.

Answer 34

Stereotypes

Question 35

Means “lack” and implies “need” which further implies the right to have.

Answer 35

Wants- men

Question 36

States a preference, not an intent, and therefore runs the idea up the flagpole to see if anyone is against it..

Answer 36

Would like -women

Question 37

Found that girls need were more tightly constrained by hierarchies of popularity, while boys tended to compete over individual skills rather than global status.

Answer 37

Expert (1989)