Construct and Variables

Question 1

Sometimes referred to as “numeric” variables, these are variables that represent a measurable quantity.

Answer 1

Quantitative Variable

Question 2

Sometimes referred to as “categorical” variables, these are variables that take on names or labels and can fit into categories.

Answer 2

Qualitative Variable

Question 3

mental abstractions derived from the combination of concepts, or your mental representation of the world around you.

Answer 3

Constructs

Question 4

age, sex, height, weight, attitude, pollution, education

Answer 4

Concepts

Question 5

Age - young or old
Sex - male and female H
eight - small, average, tall
Weight - light, heavy
Attitude - good, bad
Pollution - land, air, water
Education - grade school, high school, college

Answer 5

Constructs

Question 6

is the variable that is deliberately manipulated or changed by the researcher in an experiment. It is the cause or input that researchers control to observe its effect on the dependent variable.

Example: In a study investigating the effect of different study methods on exam scores, the independent variable would be the study method (e.g., reading, taking practice tests).

Answer 6

Independent Variable

Question 7

is the outcome or result that is measured or observed in response to changes in the independent variable. It’s the variable being studied to see if it changes due to the manipulation of the independent variable.

Example: In the study mentioned earlier, the dependent variable would be the exam scores.
is the outcome or result that is measured or observed in response to changes in the independent variable. It’s the variable being studied to see if it changes due to the manipulation of the independent variable.

Answer 7

Dependent Variable

Question 8

an additional variable that is not the main focus of the study but can impact the relationship between the independent and dependent variables. It can introduce bias or distortion into the results.

Example: In the study on study methods, if the participants’ sleep patterns also vary with their chosen study methods and impact their exam scores, sleep patterns would be a confounding variable.

Answer 8

Confounding or Extraneous Variable

Question 9

a variable that represents categories or groups. The values of a ____ variable are labels or names that do not have numerical meaning.

Example: Gender (male, female, non-binary) or types of fruits (apple, orange, banana)

Answer 9

Categorical Variable

Question 10

a variable that can take any value within a certain range. It’s characterized by having an infinite number of possible values.

Example: Height, weight, and temperature are continuous variables because they can have decimal values and can be measured with precision.

Answer 10

Continuous Variable

Question 11

a variable that can be expressed in numerical terms and has meaningful numerical values.

Examples: Age, income, number of products sold are quantitative variables.

Answer 11

Quantitative Variable

Question 12

represents different categories or groups and is non-numerical in nature. It describes qualities or attributes.

Examples: Hair color, education level, and types of animals

Answer 12

Qualitative Variable (Categorical Variable)

Question 13

characteristics, qualities, or properties that can take on different values and can be measured or manipulated in research. They are essential components in the design and analysis of experiments and studies.
Observed directly or indirectly.

Answer 13

Variables

Question 14

represents categories with no inherent order or ranking.

Answer 14

Nominal Variable

Question 15

has ordered categories, but the intervals between them might not be equal.

Answer 15

Ordinal Variable

Question 16

has a meaningful zero point and allows for ratios to be calculated.

Answer 16

Ratio Variable

Question 17

has ordered categories and equal intervals between them, but it doesn’t have a true zero point.

Answer 17

Interval Variable