Constitutional Law Flashcards
Justiciable case or controversy - Ripeness
A plaintiff is not entitled to review of a statute or regulation before enforcement unless there is a threat the plaintiff will suffer some harm or immediate threat of harm.
Justiciable case or controversy - Abstention
Federal courts will abstain from resolving a constitutional claim when based on unsettled questions of state law.
Justiciable case or controversy - Mootness
A real controversy must exist at all stages of review. If the matter has already been resolved, the case will be dismissed as moot until the controversy is capable of repetition. A class action representative may still continue even though her particular claim is moot as long as other class members claims are viable.
Justiciable case or controversy - Political question
Political questions arise when an issue is constitutionally committed to another branch of government or inherently incapable of judicial review.
Justiciable case or controversy - Standing
To have standing, a plaintiff must show a concrete stake in the outcome of the controversy. Individual standing requires a personal injury, causation between the conduct and injury, and redressaility. Standing to assert the rights of another requires violations of the claimant’s own rights, plus either a special relationship between the claimant and the third party, or if it is difficult for a third party to assert their own rights. Organizational standing requires that individual members have standing, that the interests are germane to the organization’s purpose, and individual’s participation in the lawsuit is not required.
Justiciable case or controversy - Eleventh Amendment
Prohibits federal courts from hearing a private party’s claims against a state government unless the private party sues a state officer, the state consents, or Congress removes immunity. Actions against local governments or state officers for injunctive relief is not barred.
Governmental power - Separation of powers
Judicial (justiciability), executive (foreign and domestic) legislative (source of power)
Governmental power - Executive power - foreign powers
The executive branch holds the treaty power, power to create executive agreements, and the war and foreign relations power.
Under the treaty power, the president can enter into agreements with foreign countries with a 2/3 Senate approval. Treaties will prevail over conflicting state laws.
Under the executive agreement power, the president may enter into an agreement with a foreign country. The agreement will prevail over conflicting state laws but not federal laws or the constitution.
Under the war and foreign relations power, the president has no power but may act militarily in actual hostilities.
Governmental power - Executive power - domestic power
Domestically, the president has the power to appoint and remove people from executive positions, the power to pardon, and the power to veto. If the president acts with express or implied constitutional authority, his actions are likely to be valid. If the president acts where congress is silent, his actions likely will be upheld unless he usurps power of another branch, and if the president acts against express congressional will, he has little authority.
Governmental power - Executive power - executive privilege and immunity
The president has the privilege of keeping certain communications secret, particularly regarding national security, but not in criminal proceedings where the prosecution can show a need. The president has absolute immunity from civil damage for acts committed while in office.
Governmental power - Legislative power - impeachment
A majority of the house is needed to charge impeachment and a 2/3 Senate vote to convict and remove him from office
Governmental power - Legislative power - congress’s authority to act
For congress to act, there must be express or implied authority in the constitution. The Necessary and Proper clause allows congress to take any action not prohibited by the Constitution to enable execution of any power granted by any branch of the federal government.
Governmental power - Legislative power - enumerated powers
Congress has a number of enumerated powers. Those include the power over: commerce, taxing and spending, property, citizenship, and war.
Governmental power - Legislative power - enumerated powers - commerce clause
Congress has the power to regulate the channels of interstate commerce, the instrumentalities of interstate commerce and persons or things in interstate commerce, or economic activities that have a substantial effect on interstate commerce.
Governmental power - Legislative power - enumerated powers - taxing and spending
Congress may tax and spend for the general welfare and may enact any tax to raise revenue for the general welfare. Congress’s taxing power is plenary and it can tax any activity that it can otherwise regulate or where there is a revenue raising purpose. Taxes must be geographically uniform.
When exercising its spending power, Congress generally is free to condition its grants so long as the conditions are clearly stated, it relates to purpose of the spending program, and is not unduly coercive.
Governmental power - Legislative power - enumerated powers - property
Congress may dispose of and make all needful rules regarding territories and property of the United States
Governmental power - Legislative power - enumerated powers - citizenship
Congress’s power over citizenship is plenary.
Governmental power - Legislative power - enumerated powers - war
Congress has the power to declare war.