Constitutional Amendments

Question 1

The Constitution (First Amendment) Act, 1951

Answer 1

In June 1951, the Constitution (First Amendment) Act was passed, and the following Amendment in the Constitution were inserted :

(i) To Article 15, a new clause (4) was added:
(ii) clauses (2) and (6) of Article 19 were recast;
(iii) After Article 31, Article 31A and 31B were inserted;
(iv) For original Article 85, a new Article was substituted;
(v) In Article 87, clauses (1) and (2) were recast;
(vi) For the original Article 174, a new Article was substituted;
(vii) In Article 176, clauses (1) and (2) were recast:
(viii) Clause (1) of Article 341 was recast; and similarly, clause (1) of Article 342, sub-clause (a) of Article 342, sub clause (a) of clause (3) of Article 372, and clause (1) of Article 376 were also recast;
(ix) After the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution a Ninth Schedule was added and thirteen laws passed by State Legislatures were included in it so that those Acts might not be challenged in courts.

The main purpose of the Amendment was the removal of certain practical difficulties created by court decisions in several cases such as Kameshwar Singh vs. State of Bihar, Romesh Thapar vs. State of Madras, Brij Bhusan vs. State of Delhi and Motilal vs. Government of Uttar Pradesh. The issues involved in these cases were numerous, such as the scope of the fundamental right of freedom of speech, acquisition of Zamindari (land) of intermediaries, conflict between a citizen’s fundamental right to practise any profession, or to carry on any business or trade (Article 19) and State monopoly of any
trade, and so on.

Question 2

The Constitution (Second Amendment) Act,
1952

Answer 2

The Second Amendment, amended Article
81 in order to remove the prescribed limit of
7,50,000 of the population for one member to be
elected to the Lok Sabha. According to the
original provision, at least one member was to
be elected to the Lok Sabha for every 7,50,000 of
the population. It was further provided that the
maximum number of elected member to the Lok
Sabha should not exceed 500.

Question 3

The Constitution (Third Amendment) Act, 1954

Answer 3

The Third Amendment brought about
changes in the Seventh Schedule consisting of
the three Legislative Lists and entry 33 of the
Concurrent List was substituted by a new one.

Question 4

The Constitution (Fourth Amendment) Act,
1955

Answer 4

Article 31 and 31A were amended by the
Constitution Fourth Amendment Act. Clause (2)
of Article 31 clause (1) of Article 31A were
substituted by new clauses. As a result of these,
the adequacy of the quantum of compensation
paid for the compulsory acquisition of property
for ‘a public purpose’ could not be questioned in
a court of law. It also amended Article 305 and
the Ninth Schedule.

Question 5

The Constitution (Fifth Amendment) Act, 1955

Answer 5

The Constitution (Fifth Amendment) Act
amended Article 3. In the Constitution there was
no time limit during which a State Legislature
should express its boundaries, which the Centre
may like to make. With the help of this
amendment, it was provided that the State will
be required to express its views on such matters
within such period as may be specified in the
reference or within such further period, as the
President may allow.

Question 6

The Constitution (Sixth Amendment) Act, 1956

Answer 6

In this Act, the Seventh Schedule to the
Constitution was amended and in the Union
List, a new entry was added after Entry 92 in
the State List, a new Entry was substituted for
Entry 54. It also amended Articles 269 and 286
dealing with inter-state Sales-tax.

Question 7

The Constitution (Seventh Amendment) Act,
1956

Answer 7

The Seventh Amendment brought about the
most comprehensive changes so far in the
Constitution. This amendment was designed to
implement the State Reorganisation Act. The
Second and Seventh schedules were substantially
amended for the purpose of the States
Reorganization Act.

Question 8

The Constitution (Eight Amendment) Act, 1959

Answer 8

The Act extended the period of reservation
seats in Lok Sabha and State Legislatures for the
Anglo-Indians, the Scheduled Castes and
Scheduled Tribes by another 10 years.

Question 9

The Constitution (Ninth Amendment) Act, 1960

Answer 9

It provided for the transfer of certain
territories of India to Pakistan under an
agreement between India and Pakistan as a part
of a comprehensive settlement of border disputes
between the two countries.

Question 10

The Constitution (Tenth Amendment) Act, 1961

Answer 10

The Tenth Amendment integrates the areas
of Free Dadra and Nagar Haveli with the Union
of India and provides for their administration
under the regulation making powers of the
President.

Question 11

The Constitution (Eleventh Amendment) Act,
1961

Answer 11

It amended Article 71 so as to make it clear
that the election of the President or the Vice
Chronicle IAS Academy [5]
President shall not be challenged on the ground
of any vacancy for whatever reason in the
appropriate electoral college. It also obviates the
necessity of a joint meeting of the two Houses of
Parliament (Article 66) by constituting them into
an electoral college for the election of the Vice-
President.

Question 12

The Constitution (Twelfth Amendment) Act,
1962

Answer 12

The main object of the Amendment was to
add Union Territories of Goa, Daman and Diu
to the Union of India and for this First Schedule
of the Constitution was amended.

Question 13

The Constitution (Thirteenth Amendment) Act,
1962

Answer 13

The Act provides the creation of Nagaland
as the Sixteenth State of the Union. The
Amendment provides also for the vesting of
certain special responsibilities in the Governor
of Nagaland.

Question 14

The Constitution (Fourteenth Amendment) Act,
1962

Answer 14

The amendment provides for the
incorporation of the former French
Establishments in India, under the name
Pondicherry, as an integral part of the territory
of the Indian Union. It also amended Article 31
to increase, from a maximum 20 to 25, the
number of seats assigned in the Lok Sabha for
the Union Territories.

Question 15

The Constitution (Fifteenth Amendment) Act,
1963

Answer 15

The amendment raised the retirement age of
High Court Judges from 60 to 62 years. It also
empowered the various High Courts to hear
cases against the Union Government.

Question 16

The Constitution (Sixteenth Amendment) Act,
1963

Answer 16

The Act seeks to enable Parliament to make
laws provident penalty for any person
questioning the sovereignty and integrity of
India. Under the provisions of the this
Amendment, a person shall not be qualified to
be chosen to fill a seat in Parliament or in the
Legislature of State unless, inter-alia, he makers
or subscribes before a person authorised by the
Election Commission an oath or affirmation that
he will bear true faith and allegiance to the
Constitution and will uphold the sovereignty
and integrity of India.

Question 17

The Constitution (Seventeenth Amendment)
Act, 1964

Answer 17

The Act amended the definition of the term
‘estate’ in Article 31A to include lands held under
‘Ryotwari settlement’ and also other lands in
respect of which provisions are normally made
in land reform enactments. It also amended the
Ninth Schedule of the Constitution to include
therein 44 State enactments related to land
reforms in order to remove any uncertainty or
dobut that may arise with regard to their
validity.

Question 18

The Constitution (Eighteenth Amendment) Act,
1966

Answer 18

The amendment provides for the creation of
new States, namely, Punjab and Haryana as a
result of the reorganisation of the former State
of Punjab and the Union Territory of Himachal
Pradesh.

Question 19

The Constitution (Nineteenth Amendment) Act,
1966

Answer 19

The Act modified Article 324 so as to
terminate the jurisdiction of Election Tribunals
to decide election disputes. The Amendment
withdrew from the Election Commission the
power of setting up Election Tribunals.

Question 20

The Constitution (Twentieth Amendment) Act,
1966

Answer 20

The Act inserted a new Article 233A
immediately after Article 233 in order to validate
the appointment of District Judges, which might
not have conformed fully to the different
Constitutional requirements, which were in
existent prior to 1966.

Question 21

The Constitution (Twenty-first Amendment)
Act, 1967

Answer 21

It amended the Eighth Schedule to the
Constitution by including ‘Sindhi’
therein.

Question 22

The Constitution (Twenty-second Amendment)
Act, 1969

Answer 22

The amendment conferred legislative power
on Parliament for the purpose of creating an
autonomous Hill State within the State of Assam.
Accordingly, Parliament passed the Assam
Chronicle IAS Academy [6]
Reorganization (Meghalaya) Act, 1969 to set up
the State of Meghalaya within the State of
Assam

Question 23

The Constitution (Twenty-third Amendment)
Act, 1969

Answer 23

It deals with the questions of reservation of
seat in Parliament and State Assemblies for
Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Anglo-
Indian and further extend the period of
reservation by another ten years, which means
in effect thirty years from the commencement of
the Constitution.

Question 24

The Constitution (Twenty-fourth Amendment)
Act, 1971

Answer 24

It amended Article 13 and 368 with a view
to removing all possible doubts regarding the
power of Parliament to amend the Constitution
and procedure thereof. It gets over the Golak
Nath ruling and asserts the power of Parliament,
denied to in the Golak Nath, to amend
Fundamental Rights.

Question 25

``` The Constitution (Twenty-fifth) Amendment Act, 1971 ```

Answer 25

The 25th amendment of the Constitution in 1971 added a new clause, Article 31C to the Constitution. Upto 1971, the position was that Fundamental Rights prevailed over the Directive Principles of State Policy and that a law enacted to implement a Directive Principle could not be valid if it conflicted with a Fundamental Right. Article 31C sought to change this relationship to some extent by conferring primacy on Articles 39(b) and 39(c) over Articles 14, 19 and 31.

Question 26

``` The Constitution (Twenty-sixth Amendment) Act, 1971 ```

Answer 26

It abolished Articles 291 and 362 of the Constitution and also inserted a new Article 362A after Article 363. the cumulative effect of these changes was the end of the recognition granted to the former rulers of Indian States and the abolition of Privy Purses.

Question 27

``` The Constitution (Twenty-seventh Amendment) Act, 1971 ```

Answer 27

The Act was enacted to implement the decision to establish the Union Territory of Mizoram. It empowered Parliament to create a legislature and Council of Minister for the new territory.

Question 28

``` The Constitution (Twenty-eight Amendment) Act, 1972 ```

Answer 28

The amendment deleted Article 314 of the Constitution, which had given protection to the I.C.S. Officers, condition of service and privileges and inserted a new Article 312A.

Question 29

``` The Constitution (Twenty-ninth Amendment) Act, 1972 ```

Answer 29

By the twenty-ninth Amendment Act, 1972 two Kerala Acts dealing with land reforms were included in the 9th Schedule to the Constitution.

Question 30

``` The Constitution (Thirtieth Amendment) Act, 1972 ```

Answer 30

By this amendment, Article 133 was recast so as to redefine the Civil Appellate Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court. The result of this Amendment is that while any case involving an important question of law can reach the Supreme Court by way of appeal, a case however large the amount involved therein but involving no substantial point of law, would fail to reach the Supreme Court.

Question 31

``` The Constitution (Thirty-first Amendment) Act, 1973 ```

Answer 31

By this amendment, the strength of the Lok Sabha was increased from 525 to 545 members. This was done to accommodate the increase in population as revealed by the 1971 Census. Accordingly, Article 81(i)(a) was suitably amended.

Question 32

``` The Constitution (Thirty-second Amendment) Act, 1973 ```

Answer 32

The amendment Act was enacted to make few special provisions for the State of Andhra Pradash to satisfy the aspirations of the people of the Telangana region.

Question 33

``` The Constitution (Thirty-third Amendment) Act, 1974 ```

Answer 33

It amended Articles 101 and 190. Before this Amendment, the resignation of a member of legislature became effective the moment it was tendered. This position is now changed. A resignation becomes effective only after it has been accepted by the Presiding Officer of the House concerned who may refuse to accept the same if he is satisfied that the resignation is not voluntary or genuine. This precautionary Chronicle IAS Academy [7] provision appeared to be necessary to avoid the members of Parliament or state legislatures being forced to resign.

Question 34

``` The Constitution (Thirty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1974 ```

Answer 34

By this amendment twenty State Acts concerning land ceiling and land tenure reforms were added to the Ninth Schedule to the Constitution.

Question 35

``` The Constitution (Thirty-fifth and Thirty-sixth Amendment) Acts, 1974-1975 ```

Answer 35

The 35th Amendment Act introduced an innovation in the Indian Constitution by conferring on Sikkim the status of an associate in the Indian Union. This was however, a shortlined experiment. The people of Sikkim desired to be and integral part of India. Accordingly, the Constitution Thirty-sixth Amendment Act was enacted in 1975 to confer full-fledged statehood on Sikkim.

Question 36

``` The Constitution (Thirty-seventh Amendment) Act, 1975 ```

Answer 36

The Amendment upgraded the status of Arunachal Pradesh as a Union Territory. Articles 239A and 240 were amended so as to authorize Parliament to create for Arunachal Pradesh a Legislature and Council of Ministers.

Question 37

``` The Constitution (Thirty-eight Amendment) Act, 1975 ```

Answer 37

This Amendment Act was enacted during the emergency to make certain modification in the emergency provisions. The Presidential ‘satisfaction’ to issue a proclamation was declared to be final and conclusive. A classificatory clause was added to Article 356(1) so as to make Presidential ‘satisfaction’ to issue a proclamation there under as ‘final and conclusive’ which shall not be questioned in any court on any ground. This Amendment also declared that the ‘satisfaction’ of the President and a State Governor to issue ordinances would be ‘final and conclusive’ and shall not be questioned in any court on any ground’.

Question 38

``` The Constitution (Thirty-ninth) Amendment) Act, 1975 ```

Answer 38

The voiding of the election to the Lok Sabha of PM Indira Gandhi by the Allahabad High Court in 1975 on the petition of Raj Narain led to the enactment of the 39th Amendment Act, 1975. It introduced changes in the method deciding election disputes relating to the four high officials of the state, viz. President, Vice- President, Prime Minister and the Speaker. Under the new Article 71(2), Parliament by the law was to establish some ‘authority’ or ‘body’ for deciding such disputes, and its decisions shall not be in question any court.

Question 39

``` The Constitution (Fortieth Amendment) Act, 1976 ```

Answer 39

The Amendment Act extended immunity to 64 Central and State statues by including them in the IX Schedule. These statues pertained to lad reform, Urban Ceiling and prevention of publication of objectionable matter.

Question 40

``` The Constitution (Forty-first Amendment) Act, 1976 ```

Answer 40

The Constitution (Forty-first Amendment Act), 1976 raised the age of retirement of the chairman and members of State Public Service Commissions from 60 to 62.

Question 41

``` The Constitution (Forty-second Amendment) Act, 1976 ```

Answer 41

The 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act brought a number of changes in the Constitution. The Act inter-alia gave preponderance to the Directive Principles of State Policy over the Fundamental Rights. Established the supremacy of Parliament and curtailed the powers of Judiciary. The Act was first of its kind. Is was the most comprehensive Act and touched almost all the sensitive areas of the Constitution. The Amendment was meant to enhance enormously the strength of the Government.

Question 42

``` The Constitution (Forty-third Amendment) Act, 1977 ```

Answer 42

In 1977, the Emergency came to an end and the Janata Party came into power. It made an election pledge that it would repeal the 42nd Amendment and restore the status quo ante. The 43rd Amendment repealed some of the provisions of the 42nd Amendment. Article 31D has also been omitted.

Question 43

``` The Constitution (Fourty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1978 ```

Answer 43

The 44th Amendment passed in 1978 undid most of the distortions introduced into the Constitution by the 42nd Amendment of the Constitution. The salient features of the Amendment Act are as follows : • It reduced the life of Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies again to five years and thus restored the status quo ante. • It cancelled 39th Amendment which had deprived the Supreme Court of its jurisdiction to decide disputes concerning election of the President and the Vice-President. • A new provision was added to Article 74(1) saying that the President could require the council of ministers to reconsider its advice to him, either generally or otherwise and the President should Act in accordance with the advice tendered after such re-consideration. Article 257A was Omitted • It has been provided that an Emergency can be proclaimed only on the basis of written advice tendered to the President by the Cabinet. • Right to Property has been taken out from the list of Fundamental Rights and has been declared a legal right.

Question 44

``` The Constitution (Forty-fifth Amendment) Act, 1980 ```

Answer 44

The purpose of the Amendment was to continue reservation of seats for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the Lok Sabha and the State Assemblies for another 10 years, i.e., upto 1990. The same concession is extended to the Anglo-Indians who may have representation by nomination in these chambers.

Question 45

``` The Constitution (Forty-sixth Amendment) Act, 1982 ```

Answer 45

The Forty-sixth Amendment enables the State Governments to plug loopholes and realise salestax dues on the one hand and on the other aims at bringing about some uniformity in tax rates in case of certain items.

Question 46

``` The Constitution (Forty-seventh Amendment) Act, 1984 ```

Answer 46

This Amendment adds 14 State Acts dealing | with land to the IXth Schedule

Question 47

``` The Constitution (Forty-eight Amendment) Act, 1984 ```

Answer 47

The purpose of the Amendment was to extend President’s rule in Punjab for two years. Under Article 356(5) President’s rule can last in a State for a maximum period of one year. But the conditions in Punjab did not permit holding of fresh elections and accordingly, extension of President’s rule became imperative.

Question 48

``` The Constitution (Forty-ninth Amendment) Act, 1984 ```

Answer 48

The purpose of this Amendment is to take out the Tribal areas of Tripura from Schedule V and put them in Schedule VI.

Question 49

``` The Constitution (Fiftieth Amendment) Act, 1984 ```

Answer 49

This Amendment substitutes an expounded Article 33 for the old Article by the new Article 33, where Parliament is authorised to curtail the Fundamental Rights of the members of the armed forces, forces charged with the maintenance of public order, intelligence organisations or telecommunication systems set up for any force or Intelligence Bureau, with a view to ensure the proper discharge of duties by and maintenance of discipline among those persons in the interest of country’s security.

Question 50

``` The Constitution (Fifty-first Amendment) Act, 1984 ```

Answer 50

The Amendment effectuates some changes in Articles 330 and 332 with a view to provide for reservation of seats in the Lok Sabha for Scheduled Tribes in Meghalaya, Aruncahal Pradesh and Mizoram, as well as in the Legislative Assemblies of Nagaland and Meghalaya.

Question 51

``` The Constitution (Fifty-second Amendment) Act, 1985 ```

Answer 51

The amendment is designed to prevent the scourge of defection of Members of Parliament and State Legislatures from one political party to another.

Question 52

``` The Constitution (Fifty-third Amendment) Act, 1986 ```

Answer 52

The amendment Act elevated the Union | Territory of Mizoram to the status of a State.

Question 53

``` The Constitution (Fifty-fourth Amendment) Act,1986 ```

Answer 53

The Salaries of the Judges of the Supreme Court and the High Courts have been enhanced by the 54th Amendment Act, 1986. Accordingly, a Judge of the Supreme Court gets a salary of Rs. 9,000 per mensem and the salary of the Chief Justice is Rs. 10,000 per mensem. A Judge of the High Court gets a salary of Rs. 8,000 per mensem and the salary of the Chief Justice of the High Courts is Rs. 9,000 per mensem.

Question 54

``` The Constitution (Fifty-fifth Amendment) Act, 1986 ```

Answer 54

The Union Territory of Arunchal Pradesh was elevated to the status of a State by the 55th Amendment Act.

Question 55

``` The Constitution (Fifty-sixth Amendment) Act, 1987 ```

Answer 55

Constitution (56th Amendment) Act, 1987 inserted Article 394A, to make the Hindi text of the Constitution authoritative.

Question 56

``` The Constitution (Fifty-seventh Amendment) Act, 1987 ```

Answer 56

The Constitution (57th Amendment) Act, 1987 with the Goa, Daman and Diu Reorganisation Act, 1987 lifted Goa from the status of Union Territory to that of the 25th State of the Union of India.

Question 57

``` The Constitution (Fifty-eighth Amendment) Act, 1987 ```

Answer 57

The Amendment Act provides the reservation of seats for tribals in the Legislative Assemblies of Arunchal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Nagaland.

Question 58

``` The Constitution (Fifty-ninth Amendment) Act, 1988 ```

Answer 58

The Act empowered the Government to impose Emergency in Punjab on the grounds that India’s integrity was threatened by internal disturbances.

Question 59

``` The Constitution (Sixtieth Amendment) Act, 1988 ```

Answer 59

The Amendment Act authorise State Governments to increase the ceiling on professional tax from Rs. 250 to Rs. 2,500 per person per annum.

Question 60

``` The Constitution (Sixty-first Amendment) Act, 1988 ```

Answer 60

The 61st Amendment reduces the voting age from 21 years to 18 years for the Lok Sabha and Assembly election.

Question 61

``` The Constitution (Sixty-second Amendment) Act, 1990 ```

Answer 61

The 62nd Amendment Act extends by 10 years the reservation of seats for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the Lok Sabha and State Assemblies as well as nomination representatives of the Anglo-Indian community.

Question 62

``` The Constitution (Sixty-third Amendment) Act, 1990 ```

Answer 62

he Amendment Act repealed the 59th Constitutional Amendment which empowered the Government to impose Emergency in Punjab.

Question 63

``` The Constitution (Sixty-fourth Amendment) Act, 1990 ```

Answer 63

The Amendment Act was to extend President’s rule in Punjab for further six months.

Question 64

``` The Constitution (Sixty-fifth Amendment) Act, 1990 ```

Answer 64

Article 338 of the Constitution has been amended for the Constitution of a National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes consisting of a chairperson, vice-chairperson and five other members who shall be appointed by the President by warrant under his hand and seal.

Question 65

``` The Constitution (Sixty-Eight Amendment) Act, 1990 ```

Answer 65

The Act protects fifty-five State Acts relating to land reforms and ceiling on agricultural land holdings, enacted by States of Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, West Bengal and Union Territory of Pondicherry, from challenge in courts, by including them in the Ninth Schedule to the Constitution.

Question 66

``` The Constitution (Sixty-seventh Amendment) Act, 1991 ```

Answer 66

The Amendment Act was to extend President’s rule in Punjab for further six months i.e., upto May 10,1991.

Question 67

``` The Constitution (Sixty-eight Amendment) Act, 1991 ```

Answer 67

The Amendment Act was to extend President’s Rule in Punjab for further six months after May 1991.

Question 68

``` The Constitution (Sixty-ninth Amendment) Act, 1991 ```

Answer 68

The Amendment Act was to grant Statehood to Delhi as ‘National Capital Territory of Delhi’. It also provides a 70 member assembly and a 7 member Council of Ministers for Delhi.

Question 69

``` The Constitution (Seventy Amendment) Act, 1992 ```

Answer 69

It facilitates for members of Delhi and Pondicherry Assemblies to participate in the election of the President.

Question 70

``` The Constitution (Seventy-first Amendment) Act, 1992 ```

Answer 70

The amendment facilitates for the inclusion of Nepali, Manipuri and Konkani in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution. With the inclusion of these three languages, the number of languages in the Eight Schedule goes up to 18.

Question 71

``` The Constitution (Seventy-second Amendment) Act, 1992 ```

Answer 71

or restoring peace and harmony in the areas of the State of Tripura where disturbed conditions prevailed, Memorandum of Settlement was signed by the Government of Chronicle IAS Academy [11] India with Tripura National Volunteers on August 12,1988. In order to implement the said Memorandum, Article 332 of the Constitution (Seventy-second Amendment) Act, 1992 for making a temporary provision for the determination of the number of seats reserved for the Scheduled Tribes in the State Assembly of Tripura, until the re adjustment of seats is made on the basis of the first census after the year 2000 under Article 170 of the Constitution.

Question 72

``` The Constitution (Seventy-third Amendment) Act, 1992 ```

Answer 72

The Seventy-third Constitutional Amendment Act, 1992 was passed by the Parliament on December 22nd, 1992 which was notified by the Central Government through Official Gazette on April 20,1993 as it got rectification by the State legislatures and was assented to by the President of India. After notification, the Panchayati Raj Institutions have now got Constitutional legitimacy. After part VIII of the Constitution, a separate part IX has been added to the Constitution with the addition in Article 243A and fresh Schedule called Eleventh Schedule enumerating the powers and functions of Panchayti Raj Institutions. The Act provides for Gram Sabha, a three-tier model of Panchayati Raj, reservation of seats for SCs and STs in proportion to their population and one-third reservation of seats for women.

Question 73

``` The Constitution (Seventy-fourth Amendment) Act, 1992 ```

Answer 73

The Act provides constitutional status to Urban Local Bodies. After part VIII of the Constitution, a separate part IXA has been added to the Constitution with the addition in Article 243A and a fresh schedule called Twelfth schedule enumerating the powers and functions of urban local bodies has been incorporated. The Act provides Municipal Panchayat, Municipal Council and Municipal Corporation, reservation of seats for SCs and STs in proportion to their population and one-third reservation of seats for women.

Question 74

``` The Constitution (Seventy-fifth Amendment) Act, 1993 ```

Answer 74

``` It has amended Article 323-B and added a new clause (h) providing for establishment of tribunals for rent control cases. ```

Question 75

``` The Constitution (Seventy-sixth Amendment) Act, 1994 ```

Answer 75

This Amendment Act raises the reservation quota of government jobs and seats for admission in the educational institutions in favour of socially and educationally backward classes to 69 per cent in Tamil Nadu. Further, the Amendment Act has been included in the Ninth Schedule of the Constitution to exempt it from the purview of judicial scrutiny.

Question 76

``` The Constitution (Seventy-seventh Amendment) Act, 1995 ```

Answer 76

This Amendment has added a new clause (4-a) to Article 16 of the Constitution which empowers the State to make any provisions for reservation in promotions in Government jobs in favour of SCs and STs, if it is of opinion that they are inadequately represented in the services under the State. This has been done to nullify the effect of the Supreme Court Judgment in the Mandal Commission Case (Indra Sawhney vs. Union of India) in which the Court has held that reservation in promotions cannot be made.

Question 77

``` The Constitution (Seventy-eighth Amendment) act 1995 ```

Answer 77

This amended the Ninth schedule of the Constitution and inserted 27 Land Reform Act of Various States in the Ninth Schedule. After this the total number of Act included in the Ninth Schedule has gone upto 284. Now these Acts cannot be challenged in the courts on the plea for the violation of Fundamental Rights.

Question 78

``` The Constitution (Seventy-ninth Amendment) Act, 1999 ```

Answer 78

By this Act, the Government has extended the reservation of seats for the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes as well as for the Anglo-Indians in the House of the People and in the Legislative Assemblies of the States for another ten years.

Question 79

``` The Constitution (Eightieth Amendment) Act, 2000 ```

Answer 79

Based on the recommendations of the Tenth Finance Commission, an alternative scheme for sharing taxes between the Union and the State has been enacted by the Constitution (Eightieth Amendment) Act, 2000. Under the new scheme of devolution of revenue between Union and the Chronicle IAS Academy [12] States, 26 per cent out of gross proceeds of Union taxes and duties is to be assigned to the States in lieu of their existing share in the income-tax, excise duties special excise duties and grants in lieu of tax on railway passenger fares.

Question 80

``` The Constitution (Eighty-first Amendment) Act, 2000 ```

Answer 80

By this amendment the unfilled vacancies of a year which reserved for the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes for being filled up in that year in accordance with any provision of reservations made under Article 16 of the Constitution shall be considered as a separate class of vacancies to be filled up in any succeeding year or years, and such class of vacancies shall not be considered together with the vacancies of the year in which they were filled up for determining the ceiling of fifty per cent reservation against total number of vacancies of that year.

Question 81

``` The Constitution (Eighty-second Amendment) Act, 2000 ```

Answer 81

The amendment provides that nothing in Article 335 shall prevent the State from making any provisions in favour of the members of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes for relaxation in qualifying marks in any examination or lowering the standards of evaluation for reservation in matters of promotion to any class or classes of services or posts in connection with affairs of the Union or of a State.

Question 82

``` The Constitution (Eighth-third Amendment) Act, 2000 ```

Answer 82

The Act amended Article 243M of the Constitution to provide that no reservation in Panchayats need be made in favour of the Scheduled Castes in Arunachal Pradesh wholly inhabited by tribal population.

Question 83

``` The Constitution (Eighty-fourth Amendment) Act, 2001 ```

Answer 83

The Act amended provisions to Article 82 and 170(3) of the Constitution to readjust and rationalise the territorial constituencies in the States, without altering the number of seats allotted to each State in the House of People and Legislative Assemblies of the States, including the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes Constituencies, on the basis of the population ascertained at the census for the year 1991 so as to remove the imbalance caused due to uneven growth of population/electorate in different constituencies.

Question 84

``` The Constitution (Eighty-fifth Amendment) Act, 2001 ```

Answer 84

This Act amended Article 16 (4A) of the Constitution to provide for consequential seniority in the case of promotion by virtue of rule of reservation for Government servants belonging to the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes.

Question 85

``` The Constitution (Eighty-sixth Amendment) Act, 2002 ```

Answer 85

With a view to making right to free and compulsory education a fundamental right, the Act inserts a new Article, namely, Article 21A conferring on all children in the age group of 6 to 14 years the right to free and compulsory education. The Act amends in Part-III, Part –IV and Part-IV(A) of the Constitution.

Question 86

``` The Constitution (Eighty-seventh Amendment) Act, 2003 ```

Answer 86

The Amendment provides for readjustment of electoral constituencies, including those reserved for the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes, based on the population census for the year 2001, without affecting the number of seats allocated to States in the legislative bodies.

Question 87

``` The Constitution (Eighty-Eighth Amendment) Act, 2003 ```

Answer 87

The Act amends Article 268, 270 and VIIth Schedule of the Constitution. It adds 92C just after 92B and makes provisions for Tax on Services.

Question 88

``` The Constitution (Eighty- ninth Amendment) Act, 2003 ```

Answer 88

The Act adds Article 338A and provides for the creation of National Commission for Scheduled Tribes.

Question 89

``` The Constitution (Ninetieth Amendment) Act, 2003 ```

Answer 89

The Act amends Article 332 and adds section (6) regarding representation in the Bodo Territorial Areas District in the State of Assam.

Question 90

``` The Constitution (Ninety-one Amendment) Act, 2003 ```

Answer 90

The Act makes provisions for limiting the size of the Council of Ministers at the Center and in the States and gives teeth to debar a defector from holding any remunerative political post for the remaining tenure of the legislature unless reelected.

Question 91

``` The Constitution (Ninety- two Amendment) Act, 2003 ```

Answer 91

The Amendment facilitates for the inclusion of Bodo, Dogari, Maithili and Santhali in the VIIIth Schedule of the Constitution. With the inclusion of these four languages, the number of languages in the VIIIth Schedule goes upto 22.

Question 92

``` The Constitution (Ninety- third Amendment) Act, 2005 ```

Answer 92

Providing reservation for the socially and educationally backward classes, besides the Schedules Castes and the Scheduled Tribes, in private unaided educational institutions.

Question 93

``` The Constitution (Ninety-fourth Amendment) Act, 2006 ```

Answer 93

The Constitution provides that there shall be Minister in charge of tribal welfare who may in addition be in charge of the welfare of the Scheduled Casts and backward classes or any other work in the State of Bihar, Madhya Pradesh and Orissa.

Question 94

``` The Constitution (Ninety-fifth Amendment) Act, 2010 ```

Answer 94

The amendment aims to extend the reservation of seats for SCs and STs in the Lok Sabha and States, assemblies from Sixty years to Seventy years.

Question 95

``` The Constitution (Ninety-sixth Amendment) Act, 2011 ```

Answer 95

It has substituted "Odia" for "Oriya".

Question 96

``` The Constitution (Ninety-seventh Amendment) Act 2012 ```

Answer 96

Added the words "or co-operative societies" after the word "or unions" in Article 19(l)(c) and insertion of Article 43B i.e., Promotion of Cooperative Societies and added Part-IXB i.e., The Co-operative Societies. The objective of amendment is to encourage economic activities of cooperatives which in turn help progress of rural India. It is expected to not only ensure autonomous and democratic functioning of cooperatives, but also the accountability of the management to the members and other stakeholders.

Question 97

``` The Constitution (Ninety-eighth Amendment) Act, 2013 ```

Answer 97

To empower the Governor of Karnataka to take steps to develop the Hyderabad-Karnataka Region.

Question 98

99, 13 April 2015

Answer 98

The amendment provides for the formation of a National Judicial Appointments Commission. 16 State assemblies out of 29 States including Goa, Rajasthan, Tripura, Gujarat and Telangana ratified the Central Legislation, enabling the President of India to give assent to the bill.

Question 99

100, To Be Amended

Answer 99

Amendment of First Schedule to Constitution | Acquisition of certain territories of Bangladesh consequent to the agreement between India and Bangladesh.