Constituents of blood Flashcards
average blood volume
5L
Serum or blood plasma
60%
rbc or erythrocytes (the hematocrit)
40%
can be higher or lower depending on health and where you live
wbc or leukocytes
< 5%
platelets or thrombocytes
< 1%
hematocrit equation
height of RBCs/total height
buffy coat
wbcs and platelets
will have thicker buffy coat if you are sick (increased wbc)
percent of water in plasma
92% weight/volume
what are the electrolytes in plasma
sodium
potassium
calcium
magnesium
H+
HCO3-
concentration of sodium in plasma
145 mM
concentration of potassium in plasma
4-5 mM
concentration of calcium in plasma
2-2.5 mM
concentration of magnesium in plasma
1.5 mM
concentration of H+ in plasma
pH 7.35-7.45
concentration on HCO3- in plasma
24 mM
what proteins are present in plasma
albumin
globulin (immune)
fibrinogen (clotting)
what gases are in blood
CO2
O2
N2 - imp when changing altitude: ie/ flying and underwater
what nutrients are present in plasma
glucose
lipids
cholesterol
vitamins
free fatty acids
concentration of glucose in plasma
5 mM
what percent of proteins in plasma
7%
concentration of lipids in plasma
7.5 mM
concentration of cholesterol in plasma
4-7 mM
concentration of vitamins in plasma
<0.1 mM
concentration of free fatty acids in plasma
0.4-2 mM
what wastes are present in plasma
urea
creatine
uric acid
bilirubin
lifespan of leukocytes
75 percent produced
hours-days
lifespan of erythrocytes
20-25% cells produced
90-120 days (3-4 months)
cytokines
regulate haematopoiesis ???
mast cells
produce histamine
some leave the blood and go back to tissues
basophil
give rise to mast cells
monocyte
give rise to macrophages
red blood cells
main role is oxygen transport requiring hemoglobin
hb production requires
iron, B12, folic acid
what is hb made of
4 globin subunits
each subunit has a heme group
heme group contains iron to which oxygen binds
has four oxygen molecules
hb binding to oxygen
co-operative
binding of one oxygen molecule facilitate the binding of another (when one binds it makes it more likely for another iron to bind
antigens of rbc surface
A & B & Rh
implicated in transfusion and rejection
what does the P50 value mean
affinity for hemoglobin under certain saturation (subject to change)
defined by partial pressure of oxygen at which hb is 50% saturated
what does cooperative binding of O2 produce
a sigmoid shape
typical value of the pO2 in capillaries of active muscles
20 mm Hg
typical value of pO2 in alveoli of lungs
100 mm hg
rbc hematocrit
lower in women than in men
higher at altitude (low O2 increases this - adapts to the environment)
higher in athletes
what is the rbc hematocrit regulated by
oxygen via EPO
nutritional status
menstruation/hemorrhage
hormones
vitamin B12 complex
folic acid
types of anemia
hypochromic
megaloblastic
hemolytic
aplastic
anemia
insufficient Hb
hypochromic
low Hb in rbcs, Fe difficiency
megaloblastic
pernicious and non-pernicious
hemolytic
fragile rbcs
aplastic
low rbc production
hyperbilirubinanemia
causes jaundice (yellowing of skin)
can be because of brain damage or teeth problems
reversed by urinary excretion
haematopoiesis
blood cells becoming something
how are platelets kept soluble
by prostacyclin which causes vasodilation
what is the clotting cascade consist of
factor 1-X111
prothrombin
thrombin
fibrinogen
fibrin
what does exposed collagen fo in a damaged platelet
binds and activates platelets
prostacyclin production is reduced
what is the signaling molecule in a damaged platelet
seratonin (5-HT), ATP, thromboxane A2
types of PMNs
neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils
neurophils
make up 50-70 percent of WBCs
neutralize foreign substances
eosinophils
not quite phagocytes
destroy invading parasites and cells
basophils
bad in allergies
form Mast cells, release histamine, mediate allergic response and inflammation
monocytes
differentiate into macrophages
big eaters (ingest invaders)
antigen presentation
aphrosis -chew up fat
lymphocytes
b cells
t cells
natural killer cells
adapting immune responses
