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PCL 411 > Constipation > Flashcards

Constipation Flashcards

1
Q

What are the characteristics of constipation?

A

Hard, dry feaces with difficult bowel movement or passing stool fewer than three times a week.

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2
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of constipation?

A

i. Hard faeces, painful to pass
ii. Infrequent bowel movement (<3 times a week)
iii. Stomach cramps
iv. Increased bowel sounds
v. Feeling of incomplete bowel evacuation

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3
Q

What are the causes of constipation?

A

i. Insufficient fibre consumption
ii. Insufficient water consumption/Dehydration
iii. Medication (Opiods)
iv. Hypothyroidism
v. Hypokalemia
vi. Patulous anus
vii. Stenosis
viii. Diverticula
ix. Retained foreign body/Bezoar
x. Abdominal surgery
xi. Quitting smoking

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4
Q

Mention 4 complications of constipation.

A
  1. Hemorrhoids
  2. Anal fissure
  3. Rectal prolapse
  4. Faecal impaction
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5
Q

Mention 5 nonpharmacological treatments for constipation.

A
  1. Increase water intake
  2. Increase fibre intake
  3. Exercise
  4. Addition of healthy oils to diet
  5. Enema
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6
Q

Mention 5 pharmacological treatments for constipation.

A
  1. Faecal softeners
  2. Bulk forming laxatives
  3. Stimulant laxatives
  4. Herbal stimulant laxatives
  5. Osmotic laxatives
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7
Q

What is the MOA bulk forming laxatives?

A

They absorb water in the intestine, therefore creating a bulky, more liquid stool, softer and easier to pass.

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8
Q

Give 3 examples of bulk forming agents.

A
  1. Methylcellulose
  2. Sterculia
  3. Ispaghula (fibrogel)
  4. Psylium
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9
Q

Mention 3 side effects of bulk forming laxatives?

A
  1. Difficulty swallowing
  2. Difficulty breathing
  3. Intestinal blockade
  4. Skin rash and itching
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10
Q

What is the MOA of stimulant laxatives?

A

They stimulate bowel movement.

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11
Q

Mention 4 examples of stimulant laxatives.

A
  1. Bisacodyl 5-10 mg at night
  2. Sodium picosulfate 5-10 mg at night
  3. Glycerol 700?suppository. 1 suppository daily
  4. Dantron 1-2 capsules at bedtime.
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12
Q

Mention 3 side effects of stimulant laxatives.

A
  1. Abdominal cramps
  2. Faecal incontinence
  3. Electrolyte imbalance
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13
Q

What is the MOA of herbal stimulant laxatives?

A

Contain chemical compounds called anthranoids that stimulate cells in the intestine, inducing gut motility. They also reduce fluid absorption and increase colon secretion

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14
Q

Mention 4 examples of herbal stimulant laxatives

A
  1. Senna
  2. Frangula
  3. Cascara sagrada
  4. Aloe latex
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15
Q

Regular use of herbal stimulant laxative may cause ______ and _______.

A

Melanosis coli
Colorectal cancer

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16
Q

Mention 3 side effects of herbal stimulant laxatives.

A
  1. Abdominal cramps
  2. Diarrhoea
  3. Vomiting
  4. Bloody stool or rectal bleeding
17
Q

What are osmotic laxatives?

A

They are small particles (protein, fibre or sugars) that increase flow of water into the colon through osmosis

18
Q

Mention 4 examples of osmotic laxatives.

A
  1. Milk of magnesia
  2. Magnesium citrate
  3. Sorbitol
  4. Lactulose
  5. Miralax
19
Q

Mention 3 side effects of osmotic laxatives.

A
  1. Abdominal cramps
  2. Flatulence
  3. Dehydration
  4. Electrolyte imbalance
20
Q

How do faecal softeners work? Give an example.

A

They reduce absorption of fluid in the intestines thereby increasing the amount of water in the stool.

Example: Sodium docusate

21
Q

Mention 4 side effects of faecal softeners.

A
  1. Stomach cramping
  2. Diarrhoea
  3. Irritated throat in liquid formulations
  4. Rectal bleeding
22
Q

Bowel cleaning solutions are used before:

A

Colonic surgery
Colonoscopy
Radiological examination

*They are not used for treatment.

PCL 411 (4 decks)

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