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CMSD5020 Phonetics > Consonants > Flashcards

Consonants Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three descriptive characteristics of consonants?

A

Place of articulation
Manner of articulation
Voicing

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2
Q

What are consonants?

A

A speech sound made by partially or totally blocking the flow of air through the vocal tract (air passages above the larynx) during speech production

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3
Q

How many consonants are in General American English? (GAE)

A

24

/p, b, t, d, k, ɡ, m, n, ŋ
f, v, θ, ð, s, z, ʃ, ʒ, h, tʃ, dʒ, ɹ, j, l, w/

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4
Q

True or False: Every consonant has its own unique descriptors

A

True

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5
Q

In Consonant Classification, what does PLACE of articulation mean?

A

Where the constriction or blockage of airflow is
Shows where articulators approximate (come together), make contact, or where the air is most turbulent

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6
Q

In Consonant Classification, what does Manner of articulation mean?

A

Describes how the air is blocked to form consonants

Air may be partially or fully obstructed

Articulators may fully contact each other to temporarily obstruct airflow, which creates a moment of silence while inter-oral air pressure increases
Articulators may approximate (come close to) each other to create turbulent airflow

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7
Q

In Consonant Classification, what does Voicing (+/-) mean?

A

Presence or absence of vocal fold vibration
Voiced: vocal folds adducted (together) and vibrating
Voiceless: vocal folds abducted (apart)

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8
Q

What happens in the mouth with bilabial sounds? Give the phonemes: (4)

A

Upper and lower lips involved
/p, b, m, w/

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9
Q

What happens in the mouth with labiodental sounds?
Give the phonemes: (2)

A

Upper incisors resting on the lower lip
/f, v/

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10
Q

What happens in the mouth with Interdental sounds? Give the phonemes: (2)

A

Tongue tip or blade lightly touching the upper teeth and protruding slightly through the upper and lower incisors

/θ, ð/

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11
Q

What happens in the mouth with Alveolar sounds?
Give the phonemes: (7)

A

Tongue tip or blade on or near alveolar ridge
/t, d, n, s, z, l, ɹ/

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12
Q

What happens in the mouth with Palatal sounds?
Give the phonemes: (5)

A

Tongue near hard palate, behind alveolar ridge
/ʃ, ʒ, tʃ, dʒ, j/

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13
Q

What happens in the mouth with Velar sounds?
Give the phonemes: (3)

A

Back of tongue near soft palate
/k, ɡ, ŋ/

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14
Q

What happens in the mouth with Glottal sounds?
Give the consonant: (1)

A

In the area of the vocal folds
/h/

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15
Q

Fill in the blank!

A
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16
Q

Which consonant is this?

A

/p/

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17
Q

Which consonant is this?

A

/b/

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18
Q

Which consonant is this?

A

/m/

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19
Q

Which consonant is this?

A

/w/

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20
Q

Which consonant is this

A

/f/

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21
Q

Which consonant is this?

A

/v/

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22
Q

Which consonants are produced? (2)

A

/t/ /s/

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23
Q

Which consonants are produced? (4)

A

/d, z, l, ɹ /

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24
Q

Which consonant is produced?

A

/ʃ/

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25
Q

Which consonant is produced?

A

/ʒ/

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26
Q

Which consonant is produced?

A

/tʃ/

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27
Q

Which consonant is produced?

A

/dʒ/

28
Q

Which consonant is this?

A

/j/

29
Q

Which consonant is this?

A

Bunched /ɹ/

30
Q

Which consonant is this?

A

Alveolar variation of /ɹ/ Retroflex

31
Q

Which consonant is this?

A

/k/

32
Q

Which consonant is produced?

A

/g/

33
Q

Which Consonant is produced?

A

/ŋ/

English phonotactics will not allow the velar /ŋ/ to begin syllables (therefore, words) in English. It will only be found medially or finally.
“-ing”

34
Q

Which consonant is produced?

A

Phonotactics: /h/ never appears at the end of syllables (therefore, end of words) in English

35
Q

The shape that human speech sounds map on an audiogram takes a ________________ shape.

A

Crescent

36
Q

Why is the speech banana is useful? (2)

A

It’s a great visual for the Hz, and how the sounds are fairly clearly divided over the 1000Hz line.

Higher Hz tend to be lost first, so those 3 very high pitch sounds can be lost/muted with even a mild loss.

37
Q

What are stops? (6)

A

/p, b, t, d, k, g/

38
Q

What are nasals? (3)

A

/m, n, ŋ/

39
Q

What are glides? (2)

A

/w,j/

40
Q

What are fricatives? (9)

A

/f, v, θ, ð, s, z, ʃ, ʒ, h/

41
Q

What are affricatives?

A

/tʃ, dʒ/

42
Q

What are liquids? (2)

A

/l, ɹ*/

43
Q

What is the developmental sequence of consonant manner acquisition of children? (3)

A
  1. Sounds that require the least amount of articulatory precision are mastered first
  2. Speech development: stops, nasals, glides are mastered earlier
  3. Children frequently substitute these earlier manner classes for more complex sounds, which develop later
    “tun” for “sun”, “wed” for “red”, etc.
44
Q

What is important in the production of stops?

A

Intraoral pressure is raised quite high, so there is a physical task here. Adequate velar and bilabial strength must exist.
-injuries
-paralysis/hemiparalysis
-clefts
-Velopharyngeal Inadequacy (VPI)

45
Q

When can /w/ and /j/ occur? (2)

A

These sounds can occur:
before a vowel

Both can appear in consonant clusters:
/w/ is part of a consonant cluster (select consonants!)
/tw/, as in “twice”
/kw/, as in “queen”
/j/ is part of a consonant cluster
/bju/, as in “beautiful”
/mj/, as in “music”

46
Q

When can /w/ and /j/ never appear?

A

These sounds may never occur:
before a consonant or
in a word-final position

47
Q

Which manner of articulation is the most populous?

A

Fricatives, Turbulence! The most populous category. /f, v, θ, ð, s, z, ʃ, ʒ, h

48
Q

Affricates have two mandatory gestures, what do they look like?

A

These sounds have two mandatory gestures, and what look like two symbols, but it is considered one sound, and must be considered one symbol.
t ʃ ≠ tʃ
t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ

48
Q

Affricates have two mandatory gestures, what do they look like?

A

These sounds have two mandatory gestures, and what look like two symbols, but it is considered one sound, and must be considered one symbol.
t ʃ ≠ tʃ
t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ

49
Q

Liquids are often called:

A

Sometimes called a “lateral liquid”

Tip or blade of tongue articulates with alveolar ridge
Air flows over the sides of the tongue
voice is on

50
Q

If not lateral liquids, all other consonants in General North American English have ______________________.

A

central airflow

51
Q

What are Rhotics?

A

consonant and vowel forms of /ɹ/
Like /s/, there are different ways to produce /ɹ/, but what matters in the formants – the F3 is really low (next slide)
Bunched, raised, and retroflex
Tongue root retraction

52
Q

Give an example of consonant rhotics.

A

Consonant
Initial position: “run, road, rabbit, etc.”
Medial position: “bathroom, furry, etc.”

53
Q

Give an example of vowel rhotics:

A

Final position: “fear, far, fur, fire, four, etc.”
(often called Vocalic R)

54
Q

The true sound used in North American English is /ɹ/, which is a:

A

static, untrilled “r” sound.

55
Q

What are sonorants?

A

Another way to classify sounds

Airflow (pressure waves) is largely unobstructed, so formants can be seen on spectrograms
Air moves relatively freely and is not blocked
All vowels are sonorants
Nasals /m, n, ŋ/ are sonorants
Approximants /ɹ, j, l, w/ are sonorants

56
Q

What are Obstruents?

A

Another way to classify sounds
Sounds produced with airflow temporarily completely or partially impeded
Completely impeded
Moment of silence from obstruction
Partially impeded
Turbulent airflow
Irregular fluctuations
Obstruent Consonants
Stops /p, b, t, d, k, ɡ/
Fricatives /f, v, θ, ð, s, z, ʃ, ʒ/
Affricates /tʃ dʒ/

57
Q

Which consonants are continuants?

A

/f, v, s, z, ʃ, ʒ, θ, ð, m, n, ŋ, l, r, j, w, h/

58
Q

Which consonants are syllabic? (4)

A

/m, n, r, l/

59
Q

Which consonants are sibilants?

A

/s, z, ʃ, ʒ, tʃ, dʒ/

60
Q

What do we mean by Voice is quite binary?

A

it’s off or on.

61
Q

In English, we have a lot of voiceless/voiced pairs called:

A

Cognates

62
Q

What are cognates?

A

Two consonants with the same place and manner of articulation that only differ by voicing
(-voice): voiceless
(+voice): voiced

63
Q

Fill in the blanks:

A
64
Q
A

tʃ dʒ are palatal in this course!

CMSD5020 Phonetics (10 decks)

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