/Broad/ vs. [Narrow] transcription II Flashcards
When do we mostly hear /ɔ/ in Canadian English?
We don’t really use it in isolation in Canada. Here, it’s mostly only heard before /ɹ/ (/ɔɹ/) and in the diphthong /ɔɪ/.
Eastern American v. Canadian: “thought,” “job,” “ball,” and “dog”
Canadians tend to drop their jaw more and use the low back /ɑ/ vowel.
When does a Schwa typically appear?
A schwa will never appear in a stressed syllable of a multisyllabic word, but that doesn’t mean a monophthong can’t be found in a weak syllable. It can be a pure vowel.
nutmeg /’ntmg/ piano /pin/
mascot /’mskat/ swallow /’swal/
What are phonemes?
Mental representation
What you think you say
What are phones?
Speech sounds in articulatory units
What you actually say
When should you not add diacritics?
Don’t add diacritics for the basics
The basics for consonants: Place Manner Voicing
The basics for vowels: height/advancement/rounding
E.g., don’t note /i/ as high, or /d/ as voiced.
Diacritics are used to add detail about the production of a phoneme: (3)
-airflow variations
-articulatory variations (Place)
-dimension (raised, lowered, fronted, backed, centralised)
-sound duration
-voicing variation
-vocal quality (later lectures)
-nasality (some in later lectures)
Identify the diacritics:
[ ]nasalized
[ ] [ ] voiced/devoiced
[ ]velarized
[ ] syllabified ✔
[ ] ✔ [ ] aspirated/unaspirated
[ ] held ✔
Identify the diacritics:
[ ] labialized (consonants)
[ ] palatalized
[ ] [ ] fronted/backed
[ ] ✔ [ ] nasal/lateral release
[ ] [ ] [ ] duration markers
[ ] dentalized
What is the relationship between Voiceless stops in NA English?
Voiceless stops in NA English are aspirated or unaspirated in really predictable environments.
Give 3 examples of aspirated Voiceless Stops of NA English with their diacritics:
/p/, /t/, and /k/ are aspirated -> [pʰ tʰ kʰ]
Give 3 examples of aspirated Voiceless Stops of NA English with their diacritics:
1) in onsets monosyllabic words: (3)
2) in onsets of stressed syllables: (3)
(1) [pʰaɪ] [tʰeɪm] [kʰul]
(2) [əˈpʰil] [əˈtʰætʃ] [əˈkʰɑmplɪʃ]
When are voiceless stops unaspirated?
In onsets of stressed syllables when in /s/-clusters: unaspirated in onset of stressed syllables / ⁼/
/p⁼, t⁼, k⁼ /
Give 3 examples of unaspirated Voiceless Stops of NA English with their diacritics:
“spy, sty, sky” [sp⁼aɪ] [st⁼aɪ] [sk⁼aɪ]
When does your brain expect an aspiration in certain sounds of NA English? (3)
A brain used to NA English will expect aspiration in certain sound environments and not in others, and when there’s a mismatch, interesting things happen.
No aspiration when it’s expected: “it must be voiced!”
Aspiration when it’s not expected: =doesn’t even notice=
A non-native listener unfamiliar with the word might even write, “Annabolis
When are the three voiceless stops often unreleased (held) in a word?
Unreleased in word final position.
/t/, and /p, k/ have the same behaviour:
[p̚, t̚, k̚] “up,” “bat,” “trick”
New twist: /p, k/ are are unreleased when they are before another stop, i.e., in a consonant cluster: “act,” “hopped”
