Consolidation of the Republic; the Three Kingdoms (1649-1651) Flashcards
When was Cromwell at war with Ireland?
1649-50 (lands in August)
- Drogheda (Sept 1649) and Wexford (Oct 1649)
When was Cromwell at war with Scotland?
1650-51 (starts in July)
- Cromwell led an invasion in July
- Battle of Dunbar (Sept 1650)
When was the Battle of Worcester, and what happened?
Sept 1651: Cromwell defeats the royalist army decisively at Worcester, with Charles II fleeing.
When was the ‘Third Civil War’?
Third Civil War (May 1650 - Sept 1651)
What was the process of Pacification of Ireland?
The process of ‘pacification’ was brutal, and arguably genocidal
When did Cromwell land in Ireland, with how many men, and to do what?
Cromwell landed with 20,000 men in 1649 to suppress Catholic Royalist sympathisers, expecting a quick victory.
How did Cromwell justify massacres?
Cromwell justified massacres at Drogheda and Wexford (after they had surrendered, slaughtering thousands) as ‘Divine Providence’
What is ‘Divine Providence’?
Divine Providence refers to the belief that God actively governs and intervenes in the world, guiding events according to His will and purpose.
When was the subjugation of Ireland completed by, and what marked this?
The subjugation of Ireland was completed in May 1652
- Act of Settlement 1652; massive transfer of land, with the native Irish suffering greatly
What was the proportion of land owned by Catholics in Ireland in 1641 compared to 1652?
Proportion of land owned by Catholics in 1641: 65%
Proportion of land owned by Catholics in 1652: 16%
What did the war result in for Ireland?
War resulted in widespread famine, a drop in population, and Ireland becoming a source of immense profit and cheap food for England.
What did the Scots realise surrounding the only way to secure Presbyterianism?
The Scots realised the only way to secure Presbyterianism was to defeat Cromwell’s Independent regime down in England
When did Charles land in Scotland, what did he do, and when was he crowned King?
- Charles landed in Scotland in June 1650, signing the Covenant; the Council of State decided on a pre-emptive invasion of Scotland due to this.
> Charles was crowned King of Scotland in January 1651
What happened at the Battle of Dunbar, and when was it?
Battle of Dunbar - September 1650
Despite Cromwell being pinned down by a Scottish army almost twice its size, he managed to turn around, launching a surprise attack at night.
- As many as 3,000 Scots were killed and 10,000 captured, while only thirty NMA soldiers were killed.
What happened at the Battle of Worcester, and when was it?
Battle of Worcester - September 1651
Exactly one year later, Cromwell and the NMA defeated Charles, in the final battle of the ‘Third Civil War’
What were the consequences of the Battle of Worcester, for Charles and for the Rump?
Charles spends the next nine years in exile, with the Rump taking control of the entire British Isles.
In what way did these victories have a radicalising effect?
For Cromwell and the NMA, this was confirmation that God was on their side, and that they were executing God’s will.
- The main military threats had been pacified; with its survival ensured, the regime’s radical character could emerge.
What did the Rump proceed to do in terms of Scotland?
The Rump proceeded to declare Scotland as totally under its authority
- Scottish Parliament dissolved
- Presbyterian Church powers greatly reduced
- Scots forced to pay for the upkeep of the NMA’s occupation
What were the further military successes which the Rump enjoyed?
- Naval victories forced Portugal (1650), Spain (1650) and France (1652) to recognise the Commonwealth
Why did the The First Anglo-Dutch War break out and when?
The First Anglo-Dutch War broke out in 1652 due to trade rivalry.
