Consolidation and Expansion in Africa 1890-1914 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a condominium?

A

A state where there is joint control over affairs by other states, e.g. Sudan was a condominium of Britain and Egypt from 1899.

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2
Q

Who were the Asante/Ashanti (2)?

A

1) An ethnic group, who once held a large empire along the Gulf of Guinea.
2) They fought five wars against Britain in the years 1823-1900, and strongly resisted European attempts to conquer them.

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3
Q

What 2 West African colonies did Britain add to her Empire in the years 1890-1914?

A

1) Ashantiland (1900) - incorporated into Gold Coast in 1902.
2) Nigeria (1914), joining together the Northern and Southern Nigerian protectorates.

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4
Q

How did Britain annex Ashantiland (4)?

A

1) Britain demanded the Asante King, Prempeh, to turn the remainder of his Empire to Britain as a protectorate.
2) Prempeh refused, triggering a fourth Anglo-Asante War, ending in a British victory and a removal of Prempeh from the throne in 1896.
3) A final Asante uprising in 1900 led to the formal annexation of Ashantiland in 1901.
4) Ashantiland was incorporated into the Gold Coast Colony in 1902.

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5
Q

When was Ashantiland annexed into the Gold Coast Colony?

A

1902.

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6
Q

How did Britain gain control of Nigeria (4) 1885-1914?

A

1) Britain was able to claim Nigeria through ‘effective occupation’, due to the Royal Niger Company’s presence, in 1885.
2) An agreement with the French in 1890, recognised the French claim to Madagascar, in exchange for French recognition of British Nigeria.
3) The British government took over the responsibilities of the Royal Niger Company, establishing direct British control in the North in 1900, and the South in 1906.
4) Nigeria was unified in 1914.

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7
Q

When was Nigeria unified?

A

1914.

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8
Q

When did Britain establish direct control of (1) northern Nigeria, and (2), southern Nigeria?

A

1) North: 1900.
2) South: 1906.

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9
Q

What 3 East African territories did Britain add to her Empire 1890-1914?

A

1) Zanzibar (1890).
2) Uganda (1894).
3) Sudan (1899).

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10
Q

How did Britain gain control of Zanzibar (5)?

A

1) In 1890, Britain and Germany signed a treaty establishing spheres of influence in East Africa. Zanzibar was ceded to Britain.
2) Britain declared Zanzibar a protectorate in 1890, installing their own puppet Sultan, Sultan Hamad.
3) After Hamad’s mysterious death in 1896, and the ascension of his cousin, Khalid, without British consent, Britain ordered Khalid to stand down.
4) Khalid refused to stand down, resulting in a British naval bombardment of the palace, with around 500 killed. This was the shortest war in history, lasting 38 minutes.
5) Khalid was overthrown, and Sultan Hamud was instated.

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11
Q

What is Buganda?

A

A state within Uganda, established by the Bugandan peoples.

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12
Q

How did Britain gain control of Uganda (5)?

A

1) In the 19th century, missionaries had converted many Bugandans to Christianity. In an attempt to assert his authority, King Mwanga executed 30 Catholics and Protestants (1885-87).
2) This started a civil war, and Mwanga fled.
3) Mwanga promised to hand over some sovereignty to the Imperial British East Africa Company, in exchange for British backing. He was restored to power in 1889.
4) Mwanga signed a treaty with Lord Lugard, ceding powers over revenue, trade, and the administration of justice to the IBEAC.
5) These powers were transferred to the Crown in 1894, and Buganda became a protectorate, as a part of Uganda.

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13
Q

When did Uganda become a British protectorate?

A

1894.

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14
Q

When and why did Britain construct the Uganda Railway, and where did it run from and to?

A

1) Constructed 1896-1901.
2) It started from Mombasa, running to the highlands near Lake Victoria.
3) This consolidated British control over the East Africa Protectorate and Uganda, linking the colonies with one another, as well as with the Indian Ocean.

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15
Q

How long was the Uganda Railway?

A

660 miles.

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16
Q

What were the 3 main costs of the Uganda Railway?

A

1) It took 5 years to build.
2) It cost around £5 million.
3) It cost the live of around 2500 labourers.

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17
Q

What were the 7 benefits of the Uganda Railway to the British?

A

1) Enabled access to new markets.
2) Encouraged colonial settlement.
3) Facilitated the exports of tea and coffee.
4) Protected the source of the Nile from potential enemies.
5) Promoted British tourism, especially safari tours.
6) Helped to end the Arab-run East African slave trade.
7) Consolidated control in East Africa.

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18
Q

What was the Tsavo incident?

A

When between 35-100 rail workers were attacked and eaten by 2 lions whilst working on the Uganda Railway.

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19
Q

Why was Britain interested in Kenya?

A

It offered a route from the coast to Uganda. This interest can be dated back to the Berlin Conference of 1884-85, where it was partitioned into Britain’s sphere of influence.

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20
Q

How did Britain gain control of Kenya (3)?

A

1) Britain used the dispute between the indigenous Mazrui and the Muslims to force their control, wanting to safeguard trade in Uganda and Zanzibar, after the bankruptcy of the IBEAC.
2) Sheikh Mbaruk took up arms against Britain, supplied by Germany. Britain was victorious after 9 months.
3) Sheikh Mbaruk fled, and Kenya became a part of Britain’s East Africa Protectorate of 1895, with Kenya officially becoming a colony in 1920.

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21
Q

When did Kenya officially become a British Colony?

A

1920.

22
Q

When did Salisbury first become Prime Minister, and for what political party?

A

1885, for the Conservative Party.

23
Q

Who was Khalifa Abdullah (2)?

A

1) Regarded as the Khalifa, he succeeding the Mahdi after his death in 1885.
2) Khalifa tried to unite the Sudanese people, however internal resistance, disease and famine prevented this.

24
Q

Why was Salisbury concerned with Sudan after 1885 (2)?

A

1) He wanted to consolidate British control over the Suez Canal in Egypt.
2) He feared the expansion of European powers in Africa, especially the French and German inland expansion in East Africa, fearing for the headwaters of the Nile, which were essential for Egyptian welfare.

25
Q

What agreement did Salisbury reach with the Germans in 1890?

A

It agreed for the Germans to take Tanganyika, whilst Britain took Kenya and Uganda.

26
Q

What was Salisbury’s excuse for a British campaign in Sudan?

A

Italian expansion in Massawa was diverting the Khalifa’s attention from Egypt. The Italian defeat at the hands of Ethiopian resistance at Adowa in 1896 lost this diversionary help, resulting in Salisbury ordering the Sudan campaign in 1896, welcomed by the British public after General Gordan’s death.

27
Q

What is the Maxim gun?

A

One of the earliest machine guns, created in 1884 by Hiram Maxim.

28
Q

Who led the Sudan campaign?

A

General Sir Herbert Kitchener, Commander-in-Chief of the Egyptian Army.

29
Q

What (2) and when was the Battle of Omdurman?

A

1) Having been ordered to only penetrate Sudan as far as Dongola, Kitchener was determined to take the whole region.
2) Equipped with modern weaponry, like the Maxim gun, Britain won a decisive victory at the Battle of Omdurman in 1898, reconquering Sudan.

30
Q

What were Salisbury’s orders to Kitchener after the Battle of Omdurman?

A

To go to Fashoda on the headwaters of the Nile, where a French expedition had arrived.

31
Q

What was the ‘Fashoda incident’ (2), and how was it resolved (1898)?

A

1) Both Kitchener (Britain) and Marchand (France) laid claim to the headwaters of the Nile, accusing the other of trespassing.
2) This encounter was not aggressive. The British press, however, reported that Britain and France were close to war.
3) The French Government, facing internal issues, agreed to withdraw from the Nile Valley, in exchange for territory further west.

32
Q

When was Anglo-Egyptian Sudan established, and how would it be ruled?

A

Anglo-Egyptian Sudan was established in 1899, whereby it would be a condominium. Sudan would be run by the British, with Egyptian support.

33
Q

Who was the first Governor-General of Sudan?

A

Lord Kitchener.

34
Q

When, how and why (2) did Britain secure control over Somaliland?

A

1) Having established the protectorate of Somaliland in 1888, Britain reinforced it with administrative and military personnel in 1898.
2) This limited French and Italian ambitions in the area, and secured access to the Indian Ocean, and Britain’s Eastern colonies, like India.

35
Q

What 2 South African territories did Britain gain 1890-1914, and when?

A

1) Rhodesia (initially acquired in 1895), protectorates were established in Southern Rhodesia in 1901, and Northern Rhodesia in 1911, under BSAC rule
2) Nyasaland (initially under BSAC from 1891) became a protectorate in 1907.

36
Q

How did Britain gain control of Rhodesia (4)?

A

1) The discovery of gold in South Zambesia led to Rhodes’ BSAC obtaining mining concessions, followed by white settlers with permission from the British government to establish a protectorate.
2) The Ndebele people resisted in the First Ndebele (Matabele) War (1893-94), but their 80,000 men were easily defeated by the BSAC army, and their Maxim guns.
3) Rhodes named the area after himself (Southern Rhodesia) in an attempt to assert authority.
4) A Second Ndebele War took place in 1895-96, which again was unsuccessful.

37
Q

How did Britain gain control of Nyasaland (3)?

A

1) Nyasaland had been opened up by Livingstone, and settled by Scottish missionaries.
2) Britain established control in 1891, despite Portuguese-backed Arab attacks. It operated under the BSAC, which faced indigenous resistance in the area.
3) It became a protectorate in 1907.

38
Q

What is an Afrikaner?

A

A term that replaces the use of ‘Boer’, referring to an Afrikaans-speaking person in South Africa, descending from the Dutch settlers there.

39
Q

Who were the 2 main advocates for a British confederation of South Africa, and why did they want to do so?

A

They wanted to counter German territorial gains and Boer confidence derived from the gold wealth of the Transvaal.
1) Cecil Rhodes (Cape Prime Minister).
2) Joseph Chamberlain (Colonial Secretary 1895-1903).

40
Q

What was the main trigger for the Jameson Raid?

A

In 1895, the Uitlanders who had come to the Transvaal during the gold rush, were denied citizenship and voting rights by the Boer government. The Uitlanders looked to Rhodes for help.

41
Q

What was the Jameson Raid (1895)?

A

Rhodes instructed Jameson, his agent in Rhodesia, to invade the Transvaal, with only 500 men in an attempt to trigger a Uitlander uprising. It failed and was easily defeated.

42
Q

What were the consequences of the Jameson Raid (5)?

A

1) It discredited the British government, although the government did not support it.
2) Kruger became a people’s hero.
3) Boers in the Cape Colony formed an anti-British ‘Afrikaner bond’, showing solidarity with the Transvaal Boers.
4) The Boers became even more determined to resist British rule.
5) Rhodes was forced to resign as Prime Minister of the Cape.

43
Q

When and why did the Second Anglo-Boer War start?

A

Chamberlain wanted to avoid war with the Boers, but was not prepared to weaken British influence. Negotiations broke down in 1899, when the Boers invaded British territory, besieging Ladysmith in Natal, before the British South African Army could be reinforced.

44
Q

In what years did the Second Anglo-Boer War take place?

A

1899-1902.

45
Q

What were the 2 costs of the Second Anglo-Boer War to Britain?

A

1) It cost Britain £250 million.
2) Britain sent 400,000 troops from around Empire.

46
Q

What were the 2 costs of the Second Anglo-Boer War to the Boers?

A

1) Britain’s ‘scorched earth’ policy burned farms, decimating supplies of food and shelter for soldiers and civilians.
2) Afrikaner women, children, and thousands of black men were put into concentration camps, with 1000s dying of disease and starvation.

47
Q

What was the result of the Second Anglo-Boer War?

A

A British victory in 1902.

48
Q

What was the Peace of Vereeniging of May 1902 (2)?

A

1) It ended the Second Anglo-Boer War in May 1902, with the Boers acknowledging themselves as British subjects.
2) The Boer republics became British colonies, with the promise of responsible self-government (eventually granted in 1905).

49
Q

When did the Union of South Africa become a Dominion?

A

1910.

50
Q

What colonies made up the Union of South Africa (4)?

A

1) The Transvaal.
2) The Orange Free State.
3) Cape Colony.
4) Natal.