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Conservatism Flashcards

1
Q

what are the three types of conservatives

A
  • traditional
  • one nation
  • The new right
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2
Q

what are the core belives of conservatives

A

HN
* human imperfection ( negative view on HN)
1. altruism
2. rationalism

society and state
* organic (vs mechanistic)
* ( un equal society) ( natural higherchy as a part of organic society)
* pragmatism with emprical edidence vs Rationalism
* paternalism
* tradition
* libertarianism - negative freedoms- ( extent based on view of human nature) - more interms of econ
* some form of ( capitalism) - (with it hierarchy)

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3
Q

who are the key thinkesr and what wing of teh ideologie do tehy come under

A
  • Thomas hobbes - traditional but unique
  • Edmund burke - traditional
  • mikchael Oakshott- one nation
  • ( Gladstone and Benjaman disreali and adam smith- one nation )
  • Ayn rand- The new right but is a neoliberal
  • Robbert Nozick - the new right but is a neo liberal
  • (Thatcher and Regan- new right)
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4
Q

what did the some what traditional conservative Thomas hobbes belive about human nature

A
  • Human imperfection
    1. Hobbes belived in atomistic individualism where individauls were self motivated and selfshish; individuals have a right to everything, but these rights are constantly in conflict, therefore the condition of man was a “condition of war”
  • however, he did belive there were rational enough to be aware of their own condition so that they woudl naturally appoint a soverign
    1. “ the condition of man is a condition of war”
  • individualism
  • mostly anti rati0nallism
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5
Q

Thomas hobbes quote of Human nature

A
  • ” The condition of man is a condition of war”
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6
Q

what did thomas hobbes belive bout society

A
  • mechanistic (in organic) kinda
    1. Life in the state of nature is “solitary, poor, nasty brutish an short” Hobbes argued that in the state of nature, individuals have a right to everything, but these rights are constantly in conflict, leading to a “condition of war”.
    2. however one could argue tehat thsi “ state of nature he invisione meant society was organic just incredibly flawed in its natural form.
  • anti liberaterianism and natural unequal society/ higherarchy.
    1. He belived a state was needed to bring order in a authoriterian and higherarchical way. He viewed this as a sovereign monarch with a dive right to rule - this is outine by his idea and book The Social contract where peopel had to scrifice their liberty ( though an unspoken social contract) inorder to escape teh brutal war like state of nature. In this way a hierarchical feudal syetem emerged.
  • paternalim
  • the soverign would act as a sort of peternal fiigure over the nation, being order to the natural sate of chaos.
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7
Q

Hobbes quote about society

A
  • ” life in a state of nature is solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short
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8
Q

what did thomas hobbes belive about the state

A
  • less liberaterian more human imerfetion
    1. strong, authoriterian and higherarical state in the form of a soverign with a divine right to govern. In his idea of social contrcat theory he belived individals where flawed but rational enough yo reliae they had to give up their individual liberty to a degree inorder to ecape the natural state which was a condition of war bwteen men and where life was soitarry, poor nasty brutish and short.
  • ( organic ) inequallity/natural hierarchy
    1. feudal system
    1. “its not wisdom but authority that makes a law” - **less praagmatis **
  • **paternalism **
    1. the soverign would act as a sort of peternal fiigure over the nation
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9
Q

thomas hobbes quote about state

A
  • “its not wisdom but authority that makes a law” - anti pragmatism
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10
Q

what did thomas hobbes belive about the ecconomy

A
  • centralised governemnt controle as
  • ” The condition of man is a condition of war of everyone agaianst eveyone” greed steelign and choas would rule otherwise
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11
Q

in what wya did hobbe sbeliev soiety was organic

A

he belived in a “state of nature” but that this was naturally “war of all against all,”

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12
Q

what did edmund burk belive about HN

A
  • Human inperfection
    1. humans are flawed and imperfect beings who are “more likly to fail than succeed” but are not morally evil
    1. still more pesamistic - “ all that was required for evil to triumph is for good men to do nothing”
  • pragmatism - we are not capable of rationalism and therefore must be empirical/pragmatic and learn from history.
    1. “Those who don’t know history are doomed to repeat it”
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13
Q

edmund Burk quotes on human nature

A
  • human beings are “more likly to fail thna succeed” - ( ant rationalism)
  • “Those who don’t know history are doomed to repeat it” - anti rationalism
  • ” all tthat was required for evil to triumph is for good men to do nothing” - disposition towards huamn selfishnes s
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14
Q

what did Edmund Burk belive about Society

A
  • organic vs mechanistic ( natural inequallity+ hierarchy
    1. society is organic rather tahn mechanistic and eveolves/ grows over time.
    3. he critisised thoes who belived a society coudl be based on “philosophical abstractions” or “utopian ideals” like after the french revolution.
    4. he belived that there is natural higher archy and inequllity in socirty and this isnt a bad thing. thsi exited
  • Tradition -
    1. He sued the analogy of a organic organism vs a machine to describe socity. this mean it could not be subject to abrut change but had to slowly evolve/ grow over time.
  • praternalism
    1. lesser so but like hobbes Burk had a disposition to believ in human imperefction and take a pesamistic view towards society.
    2. He belied “ all thats required for evil to triumph is for good men to do nothing”
    3. He believed a ruleing calss naturally emerged and tehy ha teh responcabillity of “nobkless obige”

pragmatismn
1. nobless obige by pragmatic jsudgements as problems arose based on empirical wisdom ( as humans lacked the abillity for true rationalism)
2. he agrued “ thoes who do not lean from history are doomed to reat it”
3. He belived that as teh state was like a living organism tehre needeed to be “ chaneg to concerve”

  • (ferderalim)
    1. un like hobbes burk took a slightly more collectivist almost federal oulook on scoiety, he beoved that society should be made of “small platoons”, autonomous and **diverse ** and he didnt like the idea of strong, unitary, centralised societies liek taht emerging in france.
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15
Q

whats the opersite to organic

A
  • mechanistick
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16
Q

why is Hobbes’ view on society tecnically organic

A
  • it is not so much organic as it is simply not mechanistic
  • he belives humans would exist in a natural state of tyrany and chos if it were not for are natural rationallity and inclenition to appoint a soverign to being order.
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17
Q

what is noblesse oblige

A

Burks theory on paternalism

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18
Q

Burk quotes on society and state

A
  • “small platoons”
  • described it as like a palnt rather than a machine
  • cant be based on “philosophical abstractions” or “utopian ideals”
  • “The state without any means of some change is without means of conservation”
  • “Those who dont know history are doomed to repeat it” - Pragmatic dession making and empiricism
  • “the greater the power, the more dangerous teh abuse”
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19
Q

what did edmund burk belive about the economy

A
  • liberaterian outlook/capitalism
    1. burke recognised teh importance of individual freedom and proppert rights
    2. Burk agreeded with Adam smiths viw on laissez fair capitalism, that should eveolve without state intervention, once agin liek a plant rather than a machine to ensure the most economic proserity and ensure the freedom of individuals.
  • hierarchy/ natureal in equllity organic
    1. thought inequallity was natural and and elite ( ruling) class would emerge but didnt think this was a badthing as tehy woud rule over lowr classes peternally

Paternalsim
1. he thought if inequallity got to great and the ellite dispregared their role of nobless oblige then revolution was inevitabe which is what happened in france.
2. therefore the poor would beifit from voluntary charitable actions of th rich ratehr than welfaire.

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20
Q

what did Michael Oakeshott belive about HN

A
  • human imperfection
    1. simmilarly to burk he had a negtive view on human nature but as a one nation conservtiev he was more possitive
    2. he belived that humans are imperfect but not terrible or imoral and had secondry consrn for others
    3. “Human beings are imperfect and their actions imperfect also, but there is a great deal in them that is not corruptible.
  • pragmatism and irrational
    1. he belived humans were irational and had to rely on pragmatism from historical emperical wismdom.
    1. “evey huan being is born an heir to an inheritance to which he can succeed only in a proccess of learning” -
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21
Q

what did michael Oakshot belive about society and state

A
  • tradition
    1. “a known good is not lightly surrendered for an unkown better”
  • oragnic
    1. under his ship at see analogy he argued that society had only been there and wasn’t going anyhwere. ( there may have been rougher conditions and smoother ones but there was no end and no final goal)
  • federalism + pragmatism
  • simmilarly to burk he not a fan of centralised power, he belives society is a collection of loccalised comunities making dessision to solve short term issues as tehy arose. simillialy he also belived these should be diverse inorder to help tackle these issues with agregation and dialectics.
  • paternaism
    1. as society was liek a ship at sea the role of the state was to “to keep it alfoat on an even keel”
  • liberterianism + pragmayic intervention
    “to prevent the bad” rather tan “to create teh good”
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22
Q

Oakshot quote on huamn nature

A
  • evey huan being is born an heir to an inheritance to which he can succeed only in a proccess of learning - anti ratinalism
  • human beings are imperfect and tehir actions imperefct also but thereis alot about a man which is not corruptable - more possitive view
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23
Q

Oakshot quotes on society and state

A
  • society is like a ship at sea teh role of the ste is to simply “to keep it alfoat on an even keel”
  • “a known good is not lightly surrendered for an unkown better”
  • society is a collection of localised comuniteies
  • the states job is “to prevent the bad” rather than “to create teh good”
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24
Q

what did michael Oakshot belive about the economy

A
  • keynsian economics, with pragmatic governemnt intervention
  • “to prevent the bad” rather than “to create the good”
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25
Q

oak shot quotes on economy

A
  • governemnt intervention should be “to prevent the bad” rather than “to create the good”
    *
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26
Q

what was anne rand’s phillosphy called

A
  • objectivism
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27
Q

what dis anne rand belive about human nature and how did this influence the new right

A
  • Her view of human nature is the foundation of her philosopy of objectivism
  • human perefction
    1. she is belived in attomistic indervidualism, where by humans are rational, selfintersted and selfish but unlike hobbes she viewd thir selfishness as a good thing as it coensided with ratinallity. The highest moral aim is personal happiness
    2. 1. “altruism is a pernicious lie”
    2. in her phillosolphy of objectivism hmans were entirly rational
  • A new rigth thinker would follow this phillosy as far as a persons governeace over their economic persutes
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28
Q

what was anne rands book

A

the virtue of selfishness

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29
Q

anne rand quote about human nature

A

“altruism is a pernicious lie”

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30
Q

what dis anne rand belive about socirty and state and how did this influence the new right

A

objectivism

  • organic
    1. “false ideology’s”such as comunism, socialism etc had stopped, society had to be centred around the atomised individual therefor laisfia rcpa and protection of natral individual rights

higherarchy
* Rand assumed, as Hobbes did, that without a centralized authority human life would erupt into a chaos of violence. “Warfare–permanent warfar- is the hallmark of tribal existence,” she wrote This, she reasoned, is “why altruism is so pervasive.”
Unitary week gov
* state that simply protected idervidual freedoms/rights and was entirly seperate from the economy, **(based on negative freedoms) **

**Liberterianism **
* she was a preponant of volitarism, by which human engagement in any sort of collecive society was done out of choise, based on rational priciapals of reciprocity or sipply getting a job done faster.
* radical deregulation to allow self actualisation and forfillmet of th atmosed individual

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31
Q

how do you spell disraeli

A

disraeli

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32
Q

anne rand quotes on stae and society

A
  • “Warfare–permanent warfar- is the hallmark of tribal existence,”
  • “It is only the inferior men that have collective instincts—because they need them”
  • negative freedosm
  • volitarism
  • rolling back of teh state
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33
Q

what did rand belive about the economy

A
  • ** capn + liberaterianism **
    1. compleet laissez fair capitaism was required and natural inorder to help people achive self forfillment and econumy prosper maximally
  • “a mixed economy is a society in the process of comitting suiside”
34
Q

anne rand quote on the economy

A
  • a mixed economy is a society in the process of comitting suiside
35
Q

robbert nozic view on human nature and how this influences the new right (two quotes)

A
  • human imperfection
  • indervidualism + collectivism
    2. though evolutionary processes, thoes who areable to engage in social coperation of various sorts do better
36
Q

robbert nozic view on society and state and how this influences the new right (two quotes)

A
  • organic
  • had asimillar view to John lock: natural rights, laws and natural justice. therefore that society is organic
    paternaism
  • minarchist state, popularised “night watchwment state”, negative freedosm, protecting indervidual rights
37
Q

robbert nozic view ont the economy and how this influences the new right (two quotes)

A
  • compleet free market laissez fair capitalsm
  • he compared taxation for labour to slavery
38
Q

what do neo conservatives belive about HN

A

humans are irrational and dont knwo whats good for tehm

39
Q

what do neo conservatives belive about society and state

A
  • inorganic, higherarical, needs stricked authority to prevent social framnetation especially over social issues
40
Q

how is anne rand spelt

A

Ayn Rand

41
Q

how is decision spelt

A

dec is ion

42
Q

give a benjamen disraeli quote about change

A
  • change is as inexerable as time yet nothing meets with more resistance
43
Q

Give a Thathcer quote about change

A
  • making change tollerable is one of the duties of governement
44
Q

how do you spell necessary

A

nec essary

45
Q

how to spell fiercely

A

fier cely

46
Q

to what extent are conservative agaisnt change ? to paragraphs ?

A
  • agree some chnage is invetiable and/or required in pragmatic way
  • however they also value tradition much more are are against revolution or sudden change
47
Q

exaples of conservatives being in favour of change

A
  • EB- societ is like a plant that grows and thereofr must change
  • EB- “ the stae without any means of change is without means of conservation”
  • BD- “ change is as inexerabel as time yet nothing meets with more resistance” accepting chance is inevitabel
  • MT- “making change tollerable is one of the duties of governement” - accepting chance is inevitabel
  • MO- state and society is “like a ship at sea” and the task is “to keep it afloat and on an even keel” - analogy also implies tahts dirrection change in society is natural and inevitable as tehre is not set course of a boat.
  • TH- ddint speak much on this but he did say “the power of a man is his present means to obtain some future apparent good” implting he thought human had the abillity to change hings possibly for teh better
48
Q

exaples of conservatives not being in favour of change

A
  • MO- “ a known good is not lightly sacrificed for a unkown better
  • MT+ regan- traditional marage and failly values - section 28
  • AR+RN- minimal state that shouldnt empose changes on peopel , (only negatiev freedoms)
  • EB+AR- very against revolution- burk during french revolution and argued that one coudlnt simply “impose phillosophical abstractions” or “utopian ideals” it would never work, RAnd grew up in USSR so belived much the same.
49
Q

whats edmund burks theory on paternalism and teh ruling classes called

A

nobbles oblige

50
Q

whats something that you must do in isms questions, other than just mentioning all the thinkers

A
  • mentioning as many key ideas as possible
  • you must identify differnces between shools of thougth then use thinkers to back it up or say however.
51
Q

do schools of thought need a Big or little letter

A

Big

52
Q

how to spell individual

A

individual

53
Q

how to spell apposed

A

apposed

54
Q

what is teh word for someone who agrees with or premotes an idea

A

proponent

55
Q

how to spell Nozick

A

Nozick

56
Q

how to spell guarantee

A

guarentee

56
Q

how to spell guarantee

A

guarentee

57
Q

how to spell security

A

security

58
Q

what does teh new right belive about there being an organic society

A
  • tehy belive that society is organic but that teh state is needed to maintain it from social fragmentation
59
Q

why do neo conservtives and teh new right have strickter social policy

A
  • they are more influenced by traditional conservatives
  • they believ society is orangic but teh state needs to maintain it from social fragmentaion and uphold public morallity theough authoriterian law and order and a firm dirrectional hand.
60
Q

what is the neo conservative and neo liberal middle ground on HN

A
  • that humans are indervidualistic and selfish
  • however neoconservatives think this means tehy are imoral and lazy, which is why the anti poverty programs of teh 1970s didnt work. Conversely becuse neoliberals have faith in ratinalism tehy belive humans are coperatiev and driven as tehy relsie its in there best interest to play somewhat fair.
61
Q

whos is the other influencial one nation consrvatiev ( not bismark, diserali or oakshot)

A

macmillan

62
Q

what is traditional conservatism not in terms of liberalism

A
  • socially liberal
63
Q

what do teh new night and traditional conservatism hav in comon in terms of liberalism and how do one nations differ and where neo liberals fit in all on this

A
  • tehy are both non socially liberal
  • they both advoate for liberal economics, ( laissez fair capitalism), The same as neo liberals
  • one nations want keynsian economics and teh middle way a less liberal economy but more social librteriansim based on more neo liberal ideals, such a negatiev freedoms
64
Q

give an exaple of one nation conservatives being more willing to abandon tradition, despite oakshot

A
  • the life pearage act 1958, seeing the creation of life pears in the house of lords - howard macmillan
65
Q

what are the differnt aspects to talk about in terms of teh ecconomy

A
  • equallty
  • welfair
  • tax
  • private propperty
  • economic oversight and

( over all mixed or free (laissez fair ) economy )

66
Q

what do the differnt schools of conservatives think about welfair

A
  • traditional- birk thought that the ruling class had a peternal responcabillity to take care of the poor, by charity. He thougth that if this was neglected then revolution was inevitable, an idea it outlined in his book “Reflections on the revolution in frnace” however that vast inquallity was inevitable and we shoudlnt try and counter that, the economy should be fully sperate from the state. Hobbes existed before this was really a thing.
  • one nation- macmillan, middle way, safty blanket, butu shoudl be too lareg
  • Neo con - counter proverty schemes of the 1970s failed cuz tehy ignored how flored human nature is, humans are selfish and lazy and therefore tehy need copetison to motivate them.
  • ** Neo liberals**- Rand, “altruism is a pernisious lie”, that the economy and inderviduals will prospers the most with no safty blanket.
67
Q

how to spell Michael Oakshot

A

Michael

68
Q

How to spell Disraeli

A

Disaraeli

69
Q

whats empicrciam vs rationlaim

A
  • empiricism- this is a stand/ simillar to pragmatism. Its based off of making dessions on whats worked in the past. So in an essay you would say conservatives value pragmatic dession making based off of empiricism.
  • rationalism - the idea human are capable of making chnage/ dessions off of abstract tehories and ideas
70
Q

whos the other one nation that isnt Oakshot or Disraeli

A

Harold Macmillan

71
Q

what did miche oakshot dirrectly believ about loclaised commuties

A
  • he wanted “ cival assosiation”
  • he belived strong cenrlaised governemnt could undermine diversity of though which was vital for socital evolution/ ( bring able to tackle probems as they arose in the right way)
  • he wanted semi automomy of these comunities where ther ewould engage engage coperatively in in a federla liek manor.
72
Q

hierarchy spelling

A

hierarchy

73
Q

whos economic theory did burk follow

A

Adam smith an laissez fair capitalism

74
Q

what was adam smiths take on the economy

A

He believed in the power of self-interest, competition, and the market mechanism to promote economic growth, efficiency, and individual prosperity that would then benfit society on a larger scale.

75
Q

what is social contrcat theory and whos idea is it ?

A
  • It proposes that individuals voluntarily agree to form a society and establish a government in order to secure their rights, protect their interests, and maintain social order.
  • Hobbes
  • ( differnt to lock who wanted governemt by conset)
76
Q

what is atmistic indervidualism and whos idea was it

A
  • originally hobbes
  • it followed though to neo liberal thinker
  • it emphasies autonomous nature of individuals and their pursuit of personal goals above all else.
77
Q

who wants radical deregulation

A

neo liberals

78
Q

why was hobbes so pesimistic? when was he writing ?

A
  • writing around the english cival war (politicla upheaval)
79
Q

whats are some differnce of conservtive views in terms of the state

A
  • the role of the state in the economy
  • role of the state in scociety
  • centralised or federal governemnt
80
Q

how do you spell michael Oakeshott

A

Michael Oakeshott

Isms (4 decks)

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