Conservation 2

Question 1

The major threat to species on small island is due too

Answer 1

introduction of exotic species

Question 2

Catch per unit effort?

Answer 2

Catch=total mass of fish captured
effort=total area of nets, number of hooks, days of fishing etc.
From 1960 catch per unit effort has gone down a lot.

Question 3

Biological capital

Answer 3

target =reproductive adults

Question 4

IN 2021 ——-MPAs which is __%

Answer 4

15,500
7.7

Question 5

Major opposition to No-take Zones cause to re-define Marine Protected Area in 1990

Answer 5

the rationale for the new MPA definition is that it allows commercial fishing

> 50% allow commercial fishing

Question 6

How much terrestrial are is protected by IUCN? How much marine?

Answer 6

15% terrestrial
1% marine(no-take zones)

Question 7

Approaches to Conservation Ecology
A)Studies of Fragmented areas

Answer 7

studies of fragmented areas
MVA-Minimum viable area to maintain genetic variability after 200 years

MVP-minimum viable population=90% of genetic variability after 200 years

Question 8

Classification Probability of extinction(P)? What percent of birds, mammals, and amphibians are endangered?

Answer 8

0.1P in 100y=safe
0.2P in 20y=vulnerable
0.5P in 10y=endangered
>0.5P in 10y=critically endangered

> 12% of birds
20% of mammals
32% of amphibians

Question 9

Need_____species to last 1000 years

Answer 9

100,000

Question 10

Approaches to conservation ecology

B)Critical Habitat approach

Answer 10

Critical habitat approach
-forest age structure

ex. Northern Spotted Owl
-restricted to Oldgrowth in Pacific Northwest
-threatened species

Tropical forest has 6 strata
Top- discontinuous, sympobial growth
Middle-continuous canopy

2.nesting trees(snags)
3.nutrient pulses(herring)(salmon)

Question 11

Approaches to Conservation Ecology
C)Identifying biodiversity hotspots

Answer 11

Identifying biodiversity hotspots
-localized areas of high species diversity
-localized areas of high density of individuals within a species

hotspots showed little overlap with current protected areas.
1/5 of the plant species are confined to half of one percent of Earths land surface

Question 12

Approaches to Conservation Biology
D)Identifying endemic species

Answer 12

Identifying endemic species
-most common on large islands furthest from the continents
-most common on continents with longest history

Question 13

What is an endemic species?

Answer 13

unique to an area

Question 14

Approaches to consveration biology
E)Park design

Answer 14

Park design
-larger carnivores need more area then small herbivores and large. We need to think of this when making parks

-a small amount of migration per generation from other pop allows persistence if genetic variablility and increased survival

-its better to persvere less larger parks then lots of small ones

Corridors are good except if there is pathogens

Question 15

Approaches to con biology
F)Restoration ecology

Answer 15

-identifying major issues in restoration
-reconstruction of degraded habitats to pre disturbance state
-reintroduction of recently extinct pop.

ex.Yellowstone- wolves eradicated by 1920s. -lots of elk
-reintroduced of wolves in 1995
wolves took down elk which gave more berrys to the bears

Wolves and coyotes keep distance so rodents around the wolves dens increased. This was a tap-down effect by wolves on coyotes then on rodents

-removal of exotic species
ex.cats and rats
How do this ethically? CRISPR-base gene drive -no offspring

-Augmentation of ecosystem processes
-identifying and correcting sources of biodiversity loss to allow ecosystem recovery
ex.Birds running into telephone towers
-added red lights
ex.Added a eletrical wave on bottom of boats for sharks

-recognizing management failures when they occur
ex.Zoos

Question 16

Possible fixes for global warming?

Answer 16

A)Carbon tax-increase cost on any item that has generated greenhouse gas a in its production

B)Carbon credits—emission reduction- a credit of currency
1 credit=1 ton reduction of carbon dioxide
C) hydroelectric-highecolofical impact, low cost, few carbon emissions
D)nuclear power-unlimited power, high risk
E) photovoltaics- no carbon emissions, high potential, low risk
F)Wind-high potential, low risk
G) Geothermal -high potential globally

2.Reduction in human pop
3.Large expansion of terrestrial and marine protected areas=15% terrestrial 1% marine

4.Informed policy makers and leadership, educators, role-models