CONSCIENCE: OTHER THEORISTS Flashcards

1
Q

What did St Augustine see conscience as?

A

The innate knowledge of right conduct.

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2
Q

What does St Augustine say about conscience?

A

“…Truth from which all laws are copied.”

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3
Q

How are people able to get a sense of right and wrong according to Augustine?

A

God reveals it to us personally.

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4
Q

What does Augustine describe conscience as?

A

God “whispering” to us.

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5
Q

What does Butler see conscience as?

A

An essential part of being human.

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6
Q

What do we use conscience for according to Butler?

A

To judge an action.

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7
Q

What does conscience do according to Butler?

A

Exerts itself spontaneously “without being consulted.”

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8
Q

Give a quotation from Butler about conscience.

A

“Our natural guide, the guide assigned to us by the author of nature.”

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9
Q

What is the main issue with Butler?

A

Blindly follows conscience, does not address when we get it wrong.

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10
Q

What view does Newman adopt?

A

A more institutionalist view.

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11
Q

What did Newman believe conscience was?

A

The voice of God, seeing it as the “vicar of Christ.”

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12
Q

What does following conscience mean for Newman?

A

Is following the laws of God.

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13
Q

What did conscience represent for Newman?

A

The sense of personal responsibility human beings have to God.

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14
Q

What can Fromm be used as?

A

A development of Freud.

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15
Q

What did Fromm see conscience as influenced by?

A

External authority.

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16
Q

What does Fromm mean by Authoritarian Conscience?

A

Rules are internalised and disobedience causes guilt which weakens our power.

17
Q

What other type of conscience did Fromm develop?

A

Humanistic Conscience - a more mature conscience, that evaluates our behaviour.

18
Q

What does Dawkins argue for?

A

An innate tendency coming out of millions of years of evolution.

19
Q

What do animals display according to Dawkins?

A

Reciprocal altruism because nature is basically self interested.

20
Q

What did Dawkins see non-reciprocal altruism as?

A

“misfiring of our selfish genes.”

21
Q

What does Dawkins claim about humans overall?

A

That humans are basically good.

22
Q

What causes guilt according to Fromm?

A

Disobedience and weakens our power.

23
Q

What does the humanistic conscience develop?

A

A more mature conscience, experiences, cognitive development, and moral thinking.

24
Q

How does Fromm criticise Freud?

A

Freud does not allow for development of conscience of moral thinking.

25
Q

What did Newman see conscience as?

A

The voice of God following the promptings of the conscience following the laws of God.

26
Q

Who talks about Illative sense?

A

Newman.

27
Q

Piaget studies the interaction of children playing which game?

A

Marbles.