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Histology and Embryology > Connective Tissue Lecture > Flashcards

Connective Tissue Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

What is connective tissue bounded by?

A

Basal lamina or external lamina

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2
Q

What is loose Ct called?

A

areolar ct

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3
Q

What are the two types of dense CT?

A

dense regular + dense irregular

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4
Q

Where is Loose CT found?

A

supports epithelial tissue, surrounds BV, fills space between muscles

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5
Q

What is the vascularization of loose CT?

A

well vascularized, CELLULAR

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6
Q

What occurs at loose CT?

A

Diffusion of oxygen/carbdon dioxide and nutrients wastes

Inflammation + immune reaction

Support

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7
Q

Where d you find dense regular CT?

A

Tendons, ligaments, corona

Muscle contraction (attaches muscles to bone)

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8
Q

Where do you find dense irregular CT?

A

skin, GI tract

Tensile strength

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9
Q

What is the defense portion of CT?

A

inflammation + immune reactions

Physical barrier

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10
Q

What are fibers produced by?

A

Fibroblasts

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11
Q

What are the collagen fiber system?

A

Collagen fibers

Reticular fibers

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12
Q

What is the importance of vitamin C in collagen?

A

Scurvy, breakdown of collagen

IMPORTANT FOR HYDROXYLATION OF PROLINE AND LYSINE

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13
Q

What are reticular fibers formed from?

A

Reticular cells of fibroblast

TYPE III collagen fibers (3D network)

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14
Q

What do reticular fibers support?

A

Hemaotpoietic and lymph organs (except thymus)

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15
Q

How is the type of collagen determined?

A

alpha chain of tropocollagen molecules

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16
Q

What is Type 1 Collagen? Where found?

A

Fibril forming collagen

Dermis, tendon, bone, fibrocartilage

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17
Q

What is Type II collagen? Where found?

A

Fibril forming collagen

Hyaline Cartilage, IV discs

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18
Q

What is Type III collagen? Where found?

A

Fibril forming collagen

Reticular Connective Tissue

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19
Q

What is Type IV collagen? Where found?

A

Network forming collagen

Basal lamina

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20
Q

What is Type VII collagen? Where found?

A

Anchoring collagen

Basal Lamina

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21
Q

What does Type 1 collagen do?

A

Resist tension

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22
Q

What does Type II collagen do?

A

Resist pressure

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23
Q

What does Type III collagen do?

A

Maitenance of expansible organs

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24
Q

What does type IV collagen do?

A

Support delicate structures and filtration

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25
Q

What does Type VII collagen do?

A

connects collagen fibers to basal lamina

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26
Q

Where are elastic fibers found?

A

Walls of BV and ligaments

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27
Q

What are the amino acids in elastin repsonbiel for cross linking for stretch?

A

Desmosine and isodesmosine

28
Q

What is extracellular matrix?

A

Ground substance and fibers that inform cells about biochemical + mechanical changes in EC environment

29
Q

What are the macromolecules of ground substance?

A

Glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans and glycoproteins

30
Q

Why is hyaluronic acid important in connective tissue?

A

Major component of mucus connective tissue in umbilical cord

Major component of cartilage (resist compression, promotes flexibility, shock absorber)

31
Q

What are the proteoglycans?

A

Aggrecan
Syndecan
Decorin

32
Q

What are the glycoproteins

A

Fibronectin

Laminin

33
Q

What is significant about GAGs?

A

Acidic, negatively charged (attact ions) which attracts water, puffs up like packing peanuts

34
Q

What are the characteritics of hyaluronic acid

A

Free carbohydrate chain

Not covalently bound to protein

Cartilage! Insulator to prevent diffusion thru dense network

35
Q

What is on the surface of hyaluronic acid?

A

LArge rigid non-sulfated GAGS

36
Q

What are hyaluronidases?

A

Enzymes that degrade hyaluronic acid- lowers viscosity of connective tissue and increase permeability

Important in drug delivery + bacterial infection

Metastatic potential of tumors

37
Q

What are GAGs + hyaluronic acid important for?

A 
major component of ECM
Immobilize TGFB (regulate cel proliferation)

MAjor component of cartilage (resist compression, shock absorption)

38
Q

What is the most common cell type in CT?

A

fibroblast

39
Q

What are fibroblasts precursors of?

A

Ground substance, collagen + elastic fibers

40
Q

Do fibroblasts divide?

A

Rarely, but capable in responsible to injury + inflammation

41
Q

What is the name of a specialized fibroblast

A

Myofibroblast

42
Q

What do fibroblast produce?

A

Collagen + elastin precursors
Proteoglycans
Glycoproteins

43
Q

How do leukocytes get into CT?

A

Diapedesis: WBC leave blood by migration thru epithelial lining to enter CT

Increases during inflammation

44
Q

What are the signs of inflammation?

A

Rubor et tumor cum calore et dolore (red, swelling, heat pain)

45
Q

What are the structural features of macrophages?

A

Lysosomes break down phagocytic material (phagocytic vesicles for transient storage)

OVAL/KIDNEY shaped nucleus

46
Q

Where do mast cells arise from?

A

Multipotent hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow

47
Q

How do mast cells circulate? What do they look like?

A

Circulate in undifferentiated state

Oval to round cells with microvilli
Nucleus centrally located

48
Q

What do mast cells express?

A

IgE receptor

49
Q

What does the cytoplasm of mast cells contain?

A

basophilic secretory granules w/ heparin + histamine, vasoactive mediators + chemotactic factors

50
Q

What kind of cells release chemical mediators that promote allergic reactions known as immediate hypersensitivity reactions?

A

Mast Cells

IgE binds to mast cells

51
Q

What do histamines do?

A

Increase permeability of BV, increases mucus production (anti-histamine)

52
Q

What is heparin?

A

Sulfated GAG that is an anticoagulant to treat thrombosis

53
Q

What are serine proteases?

A

Chylmase involved in angiotensin II and vascular reapir

54
Q

What are ECF and NCF?

A

Attrach eosinophils and neutrophils to site of inflammation

55
Q

What are TNF-alpha activity?

A

Cytokine regulates postitvely and negatively

56
Q

What are plasma cells?

A

Produce antibodies in response to antigens

57
Q

Where are plasma cells found?

A

Concentrated in areas w/ penetration of foreign material (GI tract)

58
Q

What are the structural features of plasma cells?

A

Oval cell, eccentric nucleus
CLOCK FACE “golgi ghost”

Basophilic cytoplasm

Well developed ER and golgi apparatus

59
Q

What are the characteristics of lymphocytes?

A

Nucleus occupies most of cell

Surface markers: T B NK

60
Q

What are the characteristics of eosinophils

A

Nucleus is BILOBED w/ bright red granules

Allergic reactions + parasites

61
Q

What are the characteristics of neutrophils?

A

Nucleus in 3-5 lobes w/ primary granules

62
Q

What are the characteristics of an adipocytes?

A

Unilocular (white, common) adipocyte

Large lipid droplet w/ cytoplasm ring NUCLEUS ON PERIPHERAL

Rich BV w/ RETICULAR FIBERS surrounding the adipocyte

63
Q

What is the function of adipose tissue?

A

Depot for triglycerides (energy store + insulation from heat loss)

Cushion + shock absorber

Paracrine + endocrine substances (secrete leptin to regulate food intake)

64
Q

What are adipocytes?

A

Multilocular (brown adipocyte) which are found in the fetal life+ first decade after birth

65
Q

What are the characteristics of adipocytes

A

Eccentric nucleus + numerus mitochondria

Generate heat more than store

Histology and Embryology (5 decks)

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