connective tissue D

Question 1

Most connective tissues are subject to _____.

Answer 1

dynamic regulation, and also dynamically control development and repair of other tissues (epithelia, muscle, blood vessels)

example: wound healing

Question 2

____ is key to CT dynamic-ness

Answer 2

CT cell communication

Question 3

CT cells communicate with _____

Answer 3

each other, with epithelial cells, with muscle and nerve cells, with endothelial cells, and with blood cells using a complex network of secreted ligands, cell receptors, and intracellular signaling systems.

Question 4

When a wound occurs, a general, overlapping sequence of events typically occurs:

Answer 4

1. inflammation and blood clotting
2. new tissue formation
3. tissue remodeling

Question 5

Inflammation and blood clotting:

Answer 5

Rupture of tissue and blood vessels releases blood platelets into CT and activates them to produce blood clots that temporarily seal the wound (discussed in a later course on Blood system).

Question 6

CT fibroblasts, mast cells, and other blood cell derivatives like macrophages release a plethora of signaling compounds that function to:

Answer 6

1. increase water permeability of capillary endothelia leading to swelling
2. increase cellular permeability of endothelia, to promote migration of monocytes, lymphcytes and other blood cells into the C.T.
3. attract migration of white cells to the site of the wound (chemotaxis)
4. stimulate proliferation of fibroblasts and differentiation of monocytes into macrophages.

Question 7

Histamine secreted by mast cells promotes:

Answer 7

endothelial permeabilization

Question 8

numerous cytokines secreted by white blood cell derivatives and by fibroblasts can signal ____

Answer 8

long distance to hematopoietic tissue to stimulate productions of more white blood cells.

Question 9

New tissue formation:

Answer 9

1. Fibroblasts are stimulated to divide and secrete ECM components.
2. other specific signals trigger division and differentiation of epithelial stem cells and other stem cells of muscle.
3. Cytokines and other protein growth factors are important in this phase.
4. signals from multiple cell types, particularly macrophages, trigger new blood vessel growth (angiogenesis), repair, and remodeling

Question 10

Tissue remodeling:

Answer 10

1. The ECM, cellular composition, and overall structure of the CT, epithelium, and other tissues is altered to different extents, depending on wound location and severity.
2. the cellularity (density of cells) is reduced, and ECM becomes thinner and altered in organization.
3. If tissue damage is extensive, remodeled tissue is imperfect leading to formation of scar tissues (essentially disorganized epithelial/CT tissues lacking differentiated structural features of original tissue)

Question 11

Several important diseases are tied to this inflammation process:

Answer 11

1. crohns
2. rhematoid arthritis
3. stomach ulcers
   4.

Question 12

_____ is a hallmark of diseases such as ulcerative colitis or Crohn’s disease (inflammatory bowel diseases), rheumatoid arthritis, stomach ulcers, and several skin disorders.

Answer 12

Chronic inflammation

Question 13

Convincing new evidence has linked chronic inflammation under some epithelia to development and/or promotion of ______.

Answer 13

malignant carcinomas, including colon cancer and other GI cancers

Question 14

malignant metastatic tumors are believed to co-opt _____

Answer 14

inflammatory processes to promote their continued growth and vascularization