connective tissue 1 A

Question 1

Connective tissues (CT) function to:

Answer 1

connect and regulate other tissue types in every organ in the body.

Question 2

ct are found _____.

Answer 2

under the basal surface of epithelia, and around muscles and nerves

Question 3

what type of c.t. do blood vessels not course through?

Answer 3

cartilage

Question 4

ct forms a

Answer 4

huge continuous compartment separated from other tisue types by various basal laminae

Question 5

C.t. common features

Answer 5

1. ECM

2.

Question 6

extracellular matrix (ECM) is made up of

Answer 6

structural fibers, glycoproteins, and polysaccharides secreted by a relatively small number of cell types

Question 7

The similarities among connective tissues reflect the ___

Answer 7

common origin of these cells from similar precursors

Question 8

the core cell types of many connective tissues are ______

Answer 8

similar to each other (though not identical), and in some cases may be capable of deriving from each other.

all connective tissues are related, they are highly diverse due to not only cell type diversity but especially variations in the ECM.

Question 9

Loose and dense connective tissues____.

Answer 9

surround and permeate all of the organs of the body in diverse forms

Question 10

superficial fascia

Answer 10

The connective tissues near the body surface (directly below the skin) form a nearly continuous compartment of relatively loose and easily dissected tissue

Question 11

superficial fascia contains ____

Answer 11

several distinct layers of connective tissue.

Question 12

Deeper to superficial fascia is the _____

Answer 12

deep fascia, which in general is a much tougher region of dense connective tissue at the gross level.

Question 13

Again, the deep fascia consists of:

Answer 13

multiple distinct connective tissue elements, which includes the prominent thick epimysium (outer covering) of the muscles.

Question 14

Several dense connective structures are organized into _____

Answer 14

specific functional units; these include the ligaments of joints that attach bone to bone, the tendons that attach muscle to bone, and various capsules and coverings (such as the knee capsule).

Question 15

Finally, all bones and cartilage structures are made of _____

Answer 15

specialized connective tissue

Question 16

CT function

Answer 16

1. To provide mechanical strength and support for the specialized tissues of organs
2. To conduct and control the exchange of nutrients, metabolites, and signaling ligands between different cell types of organs, and between organ cell types and blood vessels.
3. To directly control the behavior and functions of cells that contact the connective tissue matrix (the ECM).

Question 17

regulatory functions of ECM:

Answer 17

1. The control of epithelial cell polarization and shape
2. The guidance and regulation of cell migration through the matrix
3. The control of cell proliferation, differentiation, and metabolism
   Defense against infectious agents (viruses and bacteria).
4. Control of tissue formation, organization, and modification of tissue structure upon physiological stimulation and disease.
5. The control of inflammation and repair due to injury.

Question 18

Connective tissues are very _____.

Answer 18

dynamic

Question 19

CT cells can be stimulated to _____.

Answer 19

proliferate and to differentiate throughout life

Question 20

changes in the ECM can _____

Answer 20

modify the function, development and metabolism of cells

Question 21

the core resident cells of the CT function to:

Answer 21

produce and secrete components of the ECM

Question 22

List of core resident cells of the CT family

Answer 22

1. mesenchymal cells
2. fibroblasts
3. myofibroblasts
4. adipocytes
5. osteoblasts and osteocytes
6. chondrocytes
7. some smooth muscle cells

Question 23

Mesenchymal cells are

Answer 23

precursors to all of the connective tissue family members; they primarily function in embryogenesis, but small numbers of them may persist through adulthood to function as stem cells for generation of new connective tissues.

Question 24

Fibroblasts are

Answer 24

the pre-eminent cells of most connective tissues in the body

Question 25

Myofibroblasts-

Answer 25

1. derivatives of fibroblasts 2. are capable of smooth muscle-like function 3. found in connective tissues that require a contractile function. 4. often generated at the site of wounds where their contractile function contributes to retraction and shrinkage of scar tissue

Question 26

Adipocytes are derivatives of ____

Answer 26

fibroblasts and/or primitive mesenchymal cells.

Question 27

The main type of adipocyte found in adults functions to ______; tissue containing these cells is called “_____”.

Answer 27

store fat as energy for other cell types white fat

Question 28

A distinct type of adipocyte is prominent in newborns and children; it contains _____. Tissue with these cells is called

Answer 28

many mitochondria that convert fatty acid into heat “brown fat”.

Question 29

osteocytes and osteoblasts make

Answer 29

bone

Question 30

chondrochytes make

Answer 30

cartilage

Question 31

Some smooth muscle cells, particularly those in the walls of blood vessels, make _____.

Answer 31

some of the extracellular matrix components in which they are imbedded. These (but possibly not all) smooth muscle cells derive from the same types of precursors as other connective tissue cells, which would explain their ability to synthesize and secrete similar types of ECM components.