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Histology > Connective Tissue > Flashcards

Connective Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main functions of connective tissue?

A
  1. Connection and structural support for cells and other tissues.
  2. Transport of metabolites to other tissues.
  3. Defence
  4. Production of regulatory mediators
  5. Storage and metabolism of lipids.
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2
Q

What makes up connective tissue other than cells?

A

Ground substance and fibers (much more than cells)

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3
Q

What are the main components of ground substance?

A
  1. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs).
  2. Proteoglycans (Protein core + GAG chains).
  3. Glycoproteins.
  4. Water and ions.
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4
Q

What are the 4 main groups of glycosaminoglycans?

A
  1. Heparan sulfate
  2. Chondroitin sulfate/dermatan sulfate
  3. Keratan sulfate
  4. Hyaluronan
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5
Q

What is the main function of ground substance?

A

Ground substance is responsible for the diffusion of substances and for delivering them to cells.

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6
Q

What are the main types of fibers in connective tissue?

A
  1. Collagen fibers.
    2 Reticular (argyrophylic fibers)
  2. Elastic fibers.
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7
Q

What is a proteoglycan?

A

Proteoglycan is one of the substances that makes up connective tissue. Proteoglycan concist of a protein core and attached to it 1 or more GAGs.

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8
Q

What are some common proteoglycans?

A
  1. Aggrecan
  2. Beta-glycan
  3. Decorin
  4. Perlecan
  5. Syndecan
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9
Q

What collagen types are collagen fibers made up of?

A

Mostly collagen 1 (sometimes 2)

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10
Q

What is meant by saying that collagen fibers are acidophilic?

A

That it is readily stained with acid dyes.

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11
Q

What causes the striated pattern in collagen fibrils?

A

A very regular arrangement of collagen molecules in the fibril.

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12
Q

What are the main function of fibroblasts?

A

To synthesize collagen.

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13
Q

What fibroblast synthesize collagen 1?

A

Osteoblasts.

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14
Q

Where does synthesis of collagen fibers start and where does it end?

A

It starts with the translation of preprocollagen molecules in the RER. It ends outside the cell with self-assembly of collagen molecules into collagen fibrils. LES MER PÅ SYNTHESIS.

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15
Q

What collagen type is reticular fibers made up of?

A

Collagen type 3.

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16
Q

What is the function of collagen fibers?

A

It is resistant to stretch and disruptions.

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17
Q

What stains reticular fibers?

A

silver salts

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18
Q

What are the main collagen types?

A

Type 1,2,3,4,5,6,7

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19
Q

What are elastic fibers made up of?

A

Elastin core and peripheral fibrils

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20
Q

What are the function of elastic fibers?

A

They can stretch very much.

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21
Q

What are the elastin molecules interconnected by?

A

They are interconnected by desmosine crosslinks.

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22
Q

What are the cells of the connective tissue proper?

A
  1. Fibroblasts
  2. Macrophages
  3. Plasma cells
  4. Mast cells
  5. Telocytes
  6. Adipocytes.
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23
Q

Which of the cells of connective tissue proper originate from mesenchymal stem cells?

A

Fibroblasts
Telocytes
Adipocytes

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24
Q

Which of the cells of connective tissue originate from hematopoietic stem cell of the bone it directly from blood cells?

A

Macrophages
Plasma cells
Mast cells

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25
Q

How do fibroblasts secrete components?

A

By consitiuitive exocytosis.

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26
Q

What are the main secretory products of fibroblasts?

A
  1. Collagens
  2. Elastin and fibrillin
  3. Glycosaminoglycans
  4. Proteoglycans
  5. Glycoproteins
  6. Metaloproteinsases.
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27
Q

What are quiescent fibroblasts?

A

Quiescent fibroblasts are thin elongated cells that the fibroblasts are transformed into in mature connective tissue. Poorly developed organelles.

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28
Q

What is the main function of macrophages?

A

Take up and digest microorganisms, damages cells and cell debris. (Phagocytosis.

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29
Q

What is acid phosphatase?

A

Acid phosphatase is an enzyme found in the lysosomes of macrophages that hydrolyzes organic phosphates at an acid PH.

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30
Q

Where does macrophages originate from?

A

Monocytes

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31
Q

What substances do macrophages produce?

A
  1. Cytokines (interleukins, interferon, TGF, TNF).

2. Antibacterial agents: free radicals, lysozyme.

32
Q

What funtional states can a macrophage be in?

A

Resident
Elicited
Activated

33
Q

What two types of phagocytosis do macrophages perform?

A

Nonspecific and specific.

34
Q

What two types of functional macrophages do we have and where do they function?

A
  1. Proinflammatory M1 (Classically activated by IFN-y or LPS. Produce cytokines to initiate an immune response. . Produce nitric oxide and reactive oxygen to protect against bacteria and virus.)
  2. Antiinflammatory M2 (Alternative activation by IL-4, IL13, IL-10, and TGF. Function in constructive processes and work on repair and healing of damaged tissue.)
35
Q

Where are monocytes found?

A

Blood

36
Q

What are some resident macrophages?

A
  1. Alveolar macrophages (Lungs)
  2. Kupffer cells (Liver)
  3. Hoffbauer vells (placenta)
  4. Microglial cells (central nervous system)
  5. Osteoclasts (Bone)
37
Q

What is meant by saying that plasma cells cytoplasm are basophilic?

A

It means that plasma cells are readily stained by basic dyes.

38
Q

What is the function of plasma cells?

A

They produce immunoglobulins (antibodies). Secreted by constitutive exocytosis.

39
Q

What does the mast cells produce and release?

A

Proinflammatory mediators.

40
Q

Where do plasma cells originate from?

A

B lymphocytes.

41
Q

Where do mast cells originate from?

A

Bone marrow

42
Q

What special component does the mast cells have a lot of?

A

basophilic granules.

43
Q

What is stored in the granules of mast cells?

A 
Histamine
Heparin
Proteases (chymase and tryptase)
Chondroitin sulphate
Chemostatic factors attracting eosinophils and neutrophils.
44
Q

What does the mast cells synthesize and secrete immediately after activation?

A

Leukotrienes - proinflamatory lipids.
Cytokines (interleukins)
Platelet-activating factor
Free radicals.

45
Q

What kind reaction is mast cells the main effector in?

A

Allergic reactions.

46
Q

What are the two types of mast cells?

A

CTMC (connective tissue mast cells. Contain chymase and tryptase)

MMC (Mucosal mast cells. Walls of tracts. Only tryptase. Not heparin.)

47
Q

READ ON ACTIVATION OF MAST CELLS.

A

READ!!! YOUTUBE?? SLIDE??

48
Q

What antibody level is normally elevated in people with allergy?

A

IgE

49
Q

What is the function of telocytes?

A

Signaling molecule. Influence functions of other cells by releasing signaling molecules.

50
Q

What is the function of the long and thin processes on telocytes?

A

They can then make contact with other connective tissue cells and leukocytes.

51
Q

What are the 4 classifications of connective tissue?

A
  1. Embryonic connective tissue (mesenchymal ct, mucous ct.
  2. Connective tissue proper (Loose ct, dense ct, reticular ct, adipose tissue)
  3. Supporting connective tissue (cartilage, bone)
  4. Blood.
52
Q

Where do we find mesenchymal connective tissue?

A

In embryonic/fetal tissue.

53
Q

What is mesenchymal connective tissue made up of?

A

Mesenchymal cells, stem cells, and ground substance. Almost no fibers/fibrils)

54
Q

What do mesenchymal stem cells differentiate into?

A 
Fibroblasts
Chondroblasts
Osteoblasts
Adipocytes
Endothelial cells
55
Q

Where can you find mesenchymal stem cells?

A

Bone marrow
Peripheral blood
Adipose tissue
Skin

56
Q

Where in a newborn baby can you collect mesenchymal cells?

A

Umbilical cord.
Placenta
Amnion

57
Q

What is mucous connective tissue composed of?

A

Primitive fibroblasts
Ground substance
Few delicate collagen fibrils.

58
Q

Where is mucous connective tissue found?

A

Umbilical cord and dental pulp.

59
Q

What is loose connective tissue made up of?

A 
Cells of connective tissue proper:
1. Fibroblasts
2. Macrophages
3. Plasma cells
4. Mast cells
5. Telocytes
6. Adipocytes.
\+ Blood leukocytes

+ 50/50 fibers and ground substance.

60
Q

What is dense connective tissue made up of?

A

Quiescent fibroblasts
Collagen fibers
Much more fibers than ground substance.

61
Q

Where can you find dense connective tissue (irregular?

A

dermis, sclera, capsules of organs.

62
Q

Where do you find loose connective tissue?

A

In all organs. Forms scaffolding in organs.

Surrounds larger blood vessels and nerve bundles inside organs.

63
Q

Where do you find regular dense connective tissue?

A

Tendons, ligaments, cornea.

64
Q

What is reticular connective tissue made up of?

A

Reticular fibers

Mainly fibroblasts and macrophages.

65
Q

What is yellow adipose tissue made up of?

A

Unilocular adipocytes
Little extracellular substance (reticular fibers)
A dense network of blood vessels.

66
Q

Where do you find yellow adipose tissue?

A

The hypodermis, around the intestines, in capsules of some organs.

67
Q

What is the function of yellow adipose tissue?

A

Storage, metabolism, and release of lipids.

68
Q

What are the main functions of adipocytes?

A

Uptake, synthesis, storage, degradation, the release of lipids.

69
Q

What hormones are produced by unilocular adipocytes?

A

Leptins (inhibit appetite)
Adiponectin (regulation of fatty acids and glucose metabolism)
Resistin (participates in the regulation of inflammatory processes)

70
Q

What is brown adipose tissue composed of?

A

Multilocular adipocytes
Little extracellular substance
A dense network of capillary vessels.

71
Q

Where is brown adipose tissue found?

A 
In neonates (regions of neck, spine, mediastinum, kidneys)
In adults extremely rare.
72
Q

What are the functions of brown adipose tissue?

A

Storage, metabolism, and release of lipids, heat.

73
Q

What special protein does the mitochondria of multiocular adipocytes have?

A

Uncoupling protein-1, UCP-1 also called thermogenin.

74
Q

What are multilocular adipocytes rich in?

A

Mitochondria

75
Q

Where do multiocular (brown) adipocytes originate from?

A

Myogenic stem cells

76
Q

Where do uniocular (yellow adipocytes originate from?

A

Mesenchymal cells.

Histology (14 decks)

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