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Histology > Blood and Hematopoiesis > Flashcards

Blood and Hematopoiesis Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main functions of blood?

A
  1. Transport oxygen
  2. Transport CO2 and waste products away from cell.
  3. Transport of cells and agents in defence mechanisms.
  4. Delivery of regulatory substances (hormones etc)
  5. Maintenance of blood homeostasis.
    - Ions balance, PH, Thermoregulation
  6. Coagulation
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2
Q

What is the normal range of RBC percentage in blood?

A

Males: 0.4 - 0.5
Females: 0.35 - 0.45

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3
Q

How much of plasma is water?

A

91 - 92%

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4
Q

How much of plasma is proteins?

A

7 - 8%

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5
Q

What components are found in plasma besides proteins and water?

A
  1. Ions
  2. Nitrogenous compounds (urea, uric acid, creatine, ceratine, ammonia salts)
  3. Nutrients (glucose, AA etc)
  4. Gases (oxygen, CO2, nitrogen)
  5. Regulatory substances (hormones, enzymes)
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6
Q

What is y-globulins?

A

Immunoglobulins

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7
Q

What is serum?

A

Plasma without fibrinogen and clotting factors.

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8
Q

How many erythrocytes are normal to have per cubic millimeter?

A

4 000 000 - 5 000 000

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9
Q

How many thrombocytes are normal to have per cubic millimeter?

A

200 000 - 400 000

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10
Q

How many leukocytes are normal to have per cubic millimeter?

A

6 000 - 9 000

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11
Q

Leukocytes are divided into which two main groups?

A

Granulocytes and agranulocytes

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12
Q

What three types of leukocytes go as granulocytes?

A
  1. Neutrophils (60-70%)
  2. Eosinophils (2-4%)
  3. Basophils (0-1%)
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13
Q

What two types of leukocytes go as agranulocytes?

A
  1. Lymphocytes (20-30%)

2. Monocytes (3-8%)

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14
Q

What is special about RBC?

A
  1. They have no nucleus and no organelles.

2. They also have a very thick glycocalyx

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15
Q

What is responsible for the biconcave shape of RBC?

A

The presence of subplasmalemmal skeleton.

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16
Q

What is the role of band 3 proteins in the RBC membrane?

A

Transports HCO3- out of cell and Cl- into cell. (Exchange)

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17
Q

What do the sugars in the glycocalyx at erythrocyte membranes act as?

A

Blood group antigens

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18
Q

What two types of granules do granulocytes contain?

A
  1. Azurophilic = Modified hydrolase vesicles.

2. Specific (containing specific proteins/enzymes)

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19
Q

What is the difference between the nuclei of granulocytes and agranulocytes?

A

Granulocytes: Segmented nucleus
Agranulocytes: Nonsegmented nucleus.

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20
Q

What type of leukocytes can divide?

A

Agranulocytes.

NOT granulocytes.

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21
Q

Which of the two types of granulocytes have a long and short lifespan?

A

Granulocytes: Short
Agranulocytes: Long

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22
Q

What are neutrophils capable of?

A
  1. Migration
  2. Phagocytosis
  3. Killing bacteria
  4. Production of mediators involved in defence
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23
Q

What cells are the principal cells participating in acute inflammation?

A

Neutrophils

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24
Q

What is the diameter of neutrophils?

A

12 micrometers

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25
Q

What do the azurophilic granules contain?

A
  1. Myeloperoxidase
  2. Defensins
  3. Azurocidin
  4. Lysozyme
  5. Elastase, cathepsin G
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26
Q

What do the specific granules contain?

A
  1. Cathelicidin
  2. Lactoferrin
  3. Lysozyme
  4. Collagenase
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27
Q

What do the tertiary granules contain?

A
  1. Gelatinase
  2. Metalloproteinases
  3. Lysozyme
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28
Q

What do the secretory vesicles of neutrophils contain?

A
  1. Albumin
  2. Alkaline phosphatase
  3. Adhesion molecules and receptors for complement-
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29
Q

What are the steps of leukocyte migration across the vascular wall?

A
  1. Margination - Leukocyte approaches vascular wall - leukocyte and endothelial cell becomes activated.
  2. Rolling - Selectin from endothelial cells bind to sugars at leukocyte - bloodstream makes the leukocyte roll on the surface of the endothelium.
  3. Adhesion - Leukocyte integrins binc ICAM-1 molecules of endothelial cells - strong binding - leukocyte adgeres to endothelium
  4. Diapedesis - Leukocyte migrates through the cleft between endothelial cells.
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30
Q

What is meant by an opsonized cell?

A

A cell coated with antibodies and/or complement.

Phagocytosis is more effective on opsonized cells as neutrophils have more specific receptors.

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31
Q

What does pattern-recognition receptors on neutrophils recognize and bind?

A
  1. Specific components of bacterial and fungal cell walls
  2. Bacterial DNA
  3. Viral nucleic acids.
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32
Q

What does phagocytosis trigger in the neutrophil?

A
  1. Increase in the intensity of oxidative processes.

2. Yielding highly agressive oxygen radicals (e.g. superoxide anions)

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33
Q

What neutrophile process stops bacterial metabolism?

A

Myeloperoxidase interacts with chloride/iodine ions and superoxide anions stop bacterial metablism by oxidation, chlorination and iodination.

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34
Q

What does the lysozymes in neutrophils do?

A

Dissolves bacterial cell walls.

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35
Q

What is the role of lactoferrin in neutrophils?

A

Binds to ferric (iron) ions that are necessary for bacterial metabolism

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36
Q

What is the role of defensins and cathelicidin in neutrophils?

A

Make holes in the bacterial cell walls.

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37
Q

What is, in summary, the main role of neutrophils?

A

Fight bacterial inflammation - killing bacteria.

38
Q

What cell is responsible for removing cell fibrils?

A

Macrophages

39
Q

What is pus?

A

Dead neutrophils and bacteria.

40
Q

What do the neutrophils release after death?

A

Loosened chromatin with bound antibacterial proteins and enzymes which form a large extracellular network that traps and kills bacteria.

41
Q

What is the diameter of eosinophils?

A

15 micrometers.

42
Q

Do the eosinophils have a nucleus?

A

Yes - usually two segments.

43
Q

What special substance do the granules of eosinophils contain?

A

Acidophilic specific crystalloid cores.

44
Q

What do the specific granules of eosinophils contain?

A
  1. MBP (major basic protein)
  2. ECP (eosinophil cationic protein)
  3. EDN (Eosinophil-derived neurotoxin)
  4. Eosinophil peroxidase
  5. Some hydrolytic enzymes
  6. Cytokines
45
Q

What are the functions of eosinophils?

A
  1. Killing larval parasites (release from granulocytes)
  2. Cooperation with mast cells and basophils (Effect on the secretion of proinflammatory mediators)
  3. Involvement in immunoregulation (release of cytokines acting on lymphocytes)
  4. Weak phagocytotic activity
  5. Weak bactericidal and tumoricidal properties
46
Q

What is the sign of an elevated count of eosinophils?

A

Parasitic infections or allergy

47
Q

What is the diameter of basophils?

A

10 - 12 micrometers

48
Q

What do the specific granules of basophils contain?

A
  1. Histamine
  2. Chondroitin sulfate
  3. Eosinophil-attracting chemotactic factor.
49
Q

What does the cell membrane of basophils contain?

A

Receptors for IgE

50
Q

Which cell is the main cell involved in the immune response?

A

Lymphocytes

51
Q

What is the diameter of lymphocytes?

A

8-15 micrometers

52
Q

Does lymphocytes have a nucleus?

A

Yes, large spherical nucleus.

53
Q

What lymphocyte is involved in humoral immune response?

A

B lymphocytes

54
Q

What lymphocyte is involved in cell-mediated immune response?

A

T lymphocytes

55
Q

What cell is involved in the killing of virus-infected and tumor cells?

A

NK lymphocytes

56
Q

What do monocytes differentiate into?

A
  1. Macrophages
  2. Antigen-presenting (dendric) cells
  3. Osteoclasts
57
Q

What is the diameter of monocytes?

A

15 - 20 Micrometers

58
Q

What is the shape of the monocyte’s nucleus?

A

Kidney shaped nucleus

59
Q

What organelles is well developed in monocytes?

A

ER, golgi, azurophilic granules, lysozomes.

60
Q

Can monocytes perform phagocytosis?

A

Yes

61
Q

What is the diameter of blood platelets?

A

4 micrometer

62
Q

Do platelets have a nucleus?

A

No

63
Q

What is the pale portion of a blood platelet called?

A

Hyalomere

64
Q

What is the central part of a central zone called?

A

Granulomere

65
Q

What structures are found in the hyalomere of platelets

A
  1. Ring of microtubules
  2. Actin filaments
  3. Open canalicular system (branched invaginations of the cell membrane)
  4. Dense tubular system (calcium ion store)
66
Q

What is found in the granulomere of platelets?

A
  1. Mitochondria
  2. Hydrolase vesicles
  3. Peroxisomes
  4. Granules
  5. Glycogen
67
Q

What kind of granules are found in the granulomere of platelets?

A
  1. Alpha granules
  2. Delta granules
  3. Lambda granules (hydrolase vesicles)
68
Q

What is inside of alpha granules of platelets and what is their function?

A
  1. Clotting factors 5 and 9.
  2. Platelet factor 4
  3. Plaminogen
  4. Fibrinogen
  5. Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)

Function: Platelet activation and adhesion, blood clotting.

69
Q

What is inside delta granules (dense bodies) of platelets and what is their function?

A
  1. ADP
  2. ATP
  3. Serotonin
  4. Histamine

Function: Platelet adhesion and aggregation

70
Q

What is inside lambda granules of platelets and what is their function?

A

Hydrolytic enzymes

Function: Clot resorption.

71
Q

What is the basic steps of platelet clotting?

A
  1. Contact with the damaged site of the vascular wall (e.g. with collagen)
  2. Adhesion to the surface
  3. Release of granule content
  4. Aggregation
  5. Formation of platelet plug
72
Q

What induce formation of blood clot?

A

Factors released from platelet together with coagulation factors from plasma and tissues.

73
Q

What two compartments are red bone marrow composed of?

A

Vascular and hematopoietic compartment

74
Q

What are the thin walled vascular channels in bone marrow called?

A

Sinusoids (a variant of capillary vessels)

  • Endothelium
  • Adventitial reticular cells (modified pericytes)
75
Q

How can cells migrate through the sinusoids?

A

Through transient migration pores in sinusoids.

- Only mature cells can migrate through the sinusoids.

76
Q

What is the connective tissue of the hematopoietic compartment of bone marrow composed of?

A
  1. Reticular fibers
  2. Stromal cells (fibroblasts, macrophages, mesenchymal stem cells)
  3. Hematopoietic cells
  4. Scarce adipocytes
77
Q

What cell does all blood cells originate from?

A

Hematopoietic stem cells

78
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

READ ON THE STEPS OF HEMATOPOIESIS.

79
Q

What are the two stem cells of bone marrow?

A

Hematopoietic stem cells and stromal (mesenchymal) stem cells

80
Q

What disease have hematopoietic stem cells been used for treatment?

A

Leukemias and lymphomas

81
Q

What is the percentage of the lineage of different cells in bone marrow?

A

Erythropoietic lineage: 20%
Granulopoietic lineage: 65%
Other lineage: 20%

82
Q

What are the different cell stages of erythrocytes?

A

Proerythrocytes –> Basophilic erythroblast –> Polychromatophilic erythroblast –> Orthochomatophilic erythroblast.

  • For every step, the cell gets fewer ribosomes and more hemoglobin.
83
Q

What is a reticulocyte?

A

The youngest erythrocyte with a lot of ribosomes.

84
Q

Why do erythrocyte form clusters around macrophages during maturation and differentiation?

A

The macrophages take up and digest cell nuclei and release factors stimulating erythropoiesis

85
Q

What are the cell stages of granulocyte maturation?

A

Myeloblast –> promyelocyte (production of azurophilic granules) –> Myelocytes (production of specific granules) –> Metamyelocytes (production of tertiary granules in neutrophil lineage)

86
Q

What is a neutrophil band?

A

The youngest neutrophil released to blood with nonsegmented nucleus.

87
Q

What is the stages of the cell of platelets?

A

Megakaryoblast –> (multiple endomitoses) –> Megakaryocyte –> Thrombocytes

88
Q

What are the characteristics of megakaryocytes?

A
  • Giant cell up to 100 micrometer
  • Polyploidy up to 64 n
  • Lobated nucleus
  • Demarcation channels
89
Q

How do megakaryocytes release immature platelets into the bloodstream?

A

They extend cytoplasmic processes to the lumen of blood vessels where they release immature platelets into the cytoplasm.

90
Q

What is demarcation channels in megakaryocytes?

A

Internal membranes in the megakaryocytes where platelets are held.

91
Q

What are some important factors regulating hematopoiesis?

A

READ ON IMPORTANT FACTORS REGULATING HEMATOPOIESIS. LAST SLIDE ON POWERPOINT

Histology (14 decks)

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