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Histology Unit 2 > Connective Tissue > Flashcards

Connective Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What does connective tissue develop from?

A

Mesenchyme cells that come from the mesoderm

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2
Q

Connective tissue proper is either _______ or _______

A

Loose or dense

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3
Q

Specialized connective tissue is made up of what 3 things?

A

Ground substance
Fibers
Cells

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4
Q

________ _______ is colorless, transparent and homogenous

A

Ground substance

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5
Q

______ ______ acts as a lubricant and barrier

A

Ground substance

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6
Q

What is ground substance made up of?

A

Glycosaminoglycans

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7
Q

_________ are linear polysaccharides (uronic acid and hexosamines) bound to a protein

A

Glycosaminoglycans

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8
Q

______ _______ is a glycosaminoglycan in type 1 collagen in the skin

A

Dermatan sulfate

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9
Q

_______ ________ is a glycosaminoglycan in type 2 collagen and hyaline cartilage

A

Chondroitin sulfate

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10
Q

_______ _____ is a glycosaminoglycan in type 3 collagen and present in reticular fibers

A

Heparan sulfate

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11
Q

______ ______ are proteins to which branched carbohydrates are attached

A

Structural glycoproteins

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12
Q

What is the structural glycoprotein in the basal lamina

A

Laminin

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13
Q

What is the structural glycoprotein involved in cellular adhesion

A

Fibronectin

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14
Q

What are the three types of fibers associated with connective tissue

A

Collagen
Elastic
Reticular

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15
Q

______ is the most abundant protein of the body

A

Collagen

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16
Q

What forms collagen?

A

Fibroblasts

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17
Q

_______ is nonelastic, acidophilic tissue with a tensile strength stronger than steel

A

Collagen

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18
Q

What are the stages that form collagen?

A

Tropocollagen-> fibrils ->fibers -> bundles

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19
Q

_____ fibers form an irregular network and appear yellow in a fresh section

A

Elastic fibers

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20
Q

______ fibers are made up of a core of elastin surrounded by microfibrils

A

Elastic

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21
Q

_____ fibers are extremely thin and need a special stain to see and made up of type III collagen

A

Reticular

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22
Q

What are the 5 connective tissue cells?

A 
Fibroblast
Fibrocyte
Macrophage
Mast cell
Plasma cell
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23
Q

_______ are the most common connective tissue cell;

A

Fibroblast

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24
Q

_________ responsible for the synthesis of fibers and ground substance

A

Fibroblasts

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25
Q

________ has an irregular cytoplasmic outline and large pale ovoid nucleus

A

Fibroblast

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26
Q

______ is spindle shaped with a dark staining nucleus. Can refer back to a fibroblast

A

Fibrocyte

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27
Q

_____ is derived from blood monocytes and acts as a phagocyte

A

Macrophage

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28
Q

_______ have irregular surface with ovoid to kidney shaped nucleus

A

Macrophage

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29
Q

_______ cells are large ovoid cells with large course basophilic granules and have surface receptors for IgE. Granules contain heparin, histamine, ECF-A

A

Mast Cells

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30
Q

____ cells are the fewest cells that are large and ovoid with a spherical eccentric nucleus with a clockface pattern

A

Plasma cell

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31
Q

______ cells are involved in the synthesis of Abs. Can synthesize IgE if exposed to a certain Ag. The IgE then binds with the mast cell -> release of histamine and heparin-> allergic reaction

A

Plasma cell

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32
Q

What are the 3 examples of connective tissue proper?

A

Loose
Dense regular
Dense Irregular

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33
Q

What are the 2 special connective tissue

A

Adipose

Elastic

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34
Q

What are the 2 supporting CT?

A

Cartilage

Bone

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35
Q

_____ _____ CT fills in the spaces, supports epithelial tissue, surrounds lymphatic and blood vessels

A

Loose Areolar CT

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36
Q

_____ ______ CT contains fibroblast, macrophages, collagen fibers, elastic fibers and reticular fibers

A

Loose areolar CT

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37
Q

_____ _____ CT’s major component is amorphous ground substance.

A

Loose Areolar

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38
Q

_____ _____ CT is delicate, flexible and not resistant to stress

A

Loose areolar

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39
Q

______ ______ CT contains more collagen fibers and less cells.

A

Dense Irregular

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40
Q

______ _______ CT the collagen fibers are arranged in bundles without definite orientation

A

Dense irregular

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41
Q

The collagen fiber arrangement in the dense irregular CT is useful why?

A

It can resist stress in all directions

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42
Q

_____ _____ CT can be found in the dermis of the skin

A

Dense irregular

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43
Q

___ _____ CT contains more collagen fibers and less cells. Less flexible and more resistant to stress. But the collagen fibers are arranged in a definite pattern

A

Dense regular

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44
Q

How is dense regular tissue formed?

A

Formed in response to prolonged stress in one direction

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45
Q

Where can dense regular connective tissue be found?

A

In tendons

46
Q

_______ CT is composed of bundles of thick elastic fibers

A

Elastic CT

47
Q

In elastic connective tissue there is a small amount of ______ CT around the elastic bundles with flattened fibrocytes

A

Loose areolar

48
Q

Where can elastic CT be found?

A

In the ligamentum flavum

49
Q

________ CT is a specialized loos CT that forms a framework in lymphoid and myeloid organs

A

Reticular CT

50
Q

What is present in reticular CT?

A

Reticular cells which are fibroblast specially designed for the secretion of reticular fibers. May have macrophages present

51
Q

________ CT contains a high concentration of amorphous ground substance with hyaluronic acid

A

Mucous CT

52
Q

In ______ CT there are collagen fibers with a few elastic and reticular fibers. Fibroblasts are the major cells present

A

Mucous CT

53
Q

Where is mucous CT found?

A

Wharton’s jelly of the umbilical cord

54
Q

_______ tissue functions in energy storage, shapes the body and insulates the body

A

Adipose

55
Q

What are the two types of adipose tissue?

A

Unilocular (yellow)

Multilocular (brown)

56
Q

________ tissue, the cells are spherical with the lipid material washed out during the processing. Therefore each cell appears as a thin layer of cytoplasm with a flattened nucleus

A

Unilocular adipose tissue

57
Q

________ ______ tissue, cells are smaller with a greater number of lipid droplets with a large centrally placed nucleus

A

Multilocular (brown) adipose tissue

58
Q

In _______ ______ tissue there are many mitochondria. It funcitons to transform stored energy into heat

A

Multilocular (brown) adipose tissue

59
Q

What are the 3 functions of cartilage?

A

Support soft tissue
Provides sliding area for joints
Growth of bones

60
Q

T/F: cartilage is Avascular and uses diffusion

A

True

61
Q

_______ is avascular and uses diffusion, has no nerves or lymphatics, low metabolic rate

A

Cartilage

62
Q

________ can bear mechanical stress without permanent distortion

A

Cartilage

63
Q

What are the three types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline
Elastic
Fibrous

64
Q

______ cartilage contains proteoglycans with long hyaluronic acids that make up its amorphous substance and water

A

Hyaline cartilage

65
Q

_______ cartilage has chondrocytes located in the matrix within the capsule

A

Hyaline cartilage

66
Q

The hyaline cartilages’ capsule is rich in ___________ and poor in ______

A

Glycosaminoglycans

Collagen

67
Q

______ are round cells that appear in groups of up to 8 cells or located in isotonic groups.

A

Chondrocytes

68
Q

Chondrocytes are found in ______ in hyaline cartilage

A

Lacunae

69
Q

______ cartilage is covered with a perichondrium which has dense CT made up of type I collagen and fibroblast

A

Hyaline

70
Q

The inner layer of the capsule is ______

The outerlayer of the capsule is ________ in hyaline cartilage

A

Chondrogenic

Fibrous

71
Q

Where is elastic cartilage found?

A

In the auricle of the ear

72
Q

Elastic cartilage is naturally _______ in color

A

Yellow

73
Q

Elastic cartilage is identical to hyaline cartilage except for what two reasons?

A

Elastic cartilage, the matrix has elastic fibers and type 1 collagen

74
Q

Hyaline cartilage contains what elements?

A

Type II collagen
Proteoglycans with long hyaluronic acids
Water

75
Q

Where is fibrocartilage found?

A

In the intervertebral disc and always occurs in dense connective tissue

76
Q

In _________ chondrocytes in long rows with no perichondrium and chondrocytes appear as single cells of in isogenic groups

A

Fibrocartilage

77
Q

The dense connective tissue in _______ is made up of type 1 collagen

A

Fibrocartilage

78
Q

What are the three types of bone cells?

A

Osteoblasts
Osteoclasts
Osteocyte

79
Q

What bone cell is important in the synthesis of organic part of bone (osteoid)?

A

Osteoblasts

80
Q

The osteoid is made up of what 3 components?

A

Type 1 collagen, glycoproteins, proteoglycans

81
Q

_______ are located on the surface of bone

A

Osteoblasts

82
Q

________ are cuboidal to columnar in shape and contain a RER, golgi and large nucleus

A

Osteoblast

83
Q

______ are mature bone cells encapsulated in bones lamina and located in lacuna

A

Osteocyte

84
Q

There is one _______ per lacunae in bone tissue

A

Osteocyte

85
Q

_______ radiate into the canaliculi to join with other osteocytes through gap junctions

A

Osteocyte

86
Q

The inorganic part of bone makes up about 50% of it. What part of inorganic bone makes the bone hard?

A

Hydroxyapatite crystal

87
Q

________ _______ are made up of Ca phosphate and these are then placed in between the collagen fibers that make up bone (type 1), which then makes the bone hard

A

Hydroxyapatite crystals

88
Q

Bone matrix has a ground substance made up of ____ and _____

A

Proteoglycans and glycoproteins

89
Q

Periosteum and endosperm have a ______ CT layer externally and have a ________ layer internally (cellular)

A

Dense CT

Osteogenic layer

90
Q

How is the periosteum and endosperm attached to the bone matrix?

A

By sharpey’s fibers

91
Q

Endosteum is _____ than periosteum and has _________ cells

A

Thinner

Has osteoprogenitor cells-> osteoblasts

92
Q

What formed elements make up blood?

A

RBC
WBC
Platelets

93
Q

What is the major compoent of blood?

A

Plasma

94
Q

What are the three plasma proteins?

A

Albumin
Globulins
Fibrinogen

95
Q

What is the major compoent of plasma?

A

Water

96
Q

What are the granulocytes?

A

Neutrophil
Eosinophil
Basophil

97
Q

What are the agranulocytes?

A

Monocytes

Lymphocyte

98
Q

______ is the measure of the RBCs per unit volume

A

Hematocrit

99
Q

What blood cells are biconcave with no nucleus and transport oxygen and carbon dioxide?

A

Erythrocytes

100
Q

What are nucleated red blood cells called?

A

Reticulocytes

101
Q

What is the most abundant WBC in the body?

A

Neutrophil

102
Q

_______ small specific granules= lysosomes and a polymorphic nucleus

A

Neutrophil

103
Q

What are the phagocytes and first line of defense?

A

Neutrophil

104
Q

What granulocyte kills parasitic worms and has a bilobated nucleus

A

Eosinophils

105
Q

What WBC functions in phagocytosis of Ag-Ab complex and control of parasites

A

Eosinophils

106
Q

_______ granules contain heparin and histamine and have an S shaped nucleus.

A

Basophil

107
Q

_______ are large, round and has an eccentric nucleus s with halo of cytoplasm

A

Lymphocyte

108
Q

______ have a large kidney shaped nucleus and mature into macrophages when they enter tissues

A

Monocytes

109
Q

________ form from megakaryocytes in the bone marrow

A

Platelets

110
Q

_____ have no nucleus but do have a hyalomere (area of actin and myosin) and granulomere (contains Ca, ATP and ADP)

A

Platelets

111
Q

____ function in blood clotting

A

Platelets

Histology Unit 2 (3 decks)

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