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Histology > Connective Tissue > Flashcards

Connective Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Connective tissue is different from epithelium in that it has ___ cells and ___ amounts of extracellular matrix

A

few; large

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2
Q

What is the most important function of connective tissue?

A

structural support

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3
Q

Connective tissues are used for storage of ____

A

metabolites

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4
Q

True or false?
Connective tissues play an important role in defense and protection by mediating immune responses, as well as in repair by formation of fibrous scars.

A

true

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5
Q

What are the three main types of fibers present in connective tissue? What are they formed by?

A

collagen fibers: collagen
reticular fibers: collagen
elastic fibers: elastin and fibrillin

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6
Q

True or false?

Collagen is the most abundant protein in the human body

A

true

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7
Q

What produces collagen?

A

fibroblasts

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8
Q

Collagen fibrils are formed by polymerized ____ molecules

A

tropocollagen

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9
Q

Tropocollagen is formed by a ___ of collagen molecules

A

trimer

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10
Q

True or false?

Collagen fibrils can be visualized in the light microscope

A

false; only collagen fibers and reticular fibers can be visualized in the light microscope

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11
Q

Collagen fibrils are assembled into collagen fibers, which are then assembled into collagen ___

A

bundles

note: collagen bundles are formed only by type I collagen

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12
Q

Where is type I collagen found?

A

dermis, tendons, ligaments, fascia, bone

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13
Q

Where it type II collagen found?

A

cartilage

note: this type of collagen forms fibrils but not fibers

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14
Q

Where is type III collagen found?

A

forms banded fibrils that assemble into reticular fibers which form a supporting framework for loose connective tissue, walls of blood vessels, lymphoid tissues, bone marrow, smooth muscle, nerves, lungs

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15
Q

Where is type IV collagen found?

A

basal lamina

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16
Q

What is the name of the syndrome caused by defective collagen fibers. Typically patients present with skin, hyper elasticity, loose, unstable joints, low muscle tone, bone abnormalities

A

Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome

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17
Q

Elastin is a protein that contains a ___ domain, which causes the elastin molecules to coil in aqueous environment

A

hydrophobic

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18
Q

Elastin molecules are cross-linked by covalent bonds. True or false?

A

true

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19
Q

_____ is a glycoprotein that forms thin microfibrils that surround the developing elastic fibers and provide substrate for their assembly

A

fibrillin

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20
Q

Mutations in the fibrillin gene cause a congenital connective tissue disorder called the ____ syndrome, which results in cardiovascular, skeletal, and ocular defects including mitral valve prolapse, rupture of elastic arteries, etc.

A

Marfan’s

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21
Q

___ ____ fills in spaces between the fibers in the extracellular matrix

A

ground substance

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22
Q

What are the main components of ground substance?

A

glucosaminoglycans (GAGs), proteoglycans, and multiadhesive glycoproteins

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23
Q

Which is the most abundant component of ground substance?

A

GAGs

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24
Q

The strong negative charge of GAGs make them hydrophilic. Explain the importance of this

A

GAGs bind water and form a highly hydrated gel - helps resist compression and deformation and allows quick diffusion of water-soluble particles

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25
Q

True or false? Hyaluronic acid is never present in the extracellular matrix.

A

false; always present

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26
Q

True or false? Hyaluronic acid does not form proteoglycans.

A

true

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27
Q

Describe the structure of a proteoglycan

A

Proteoglycans are composed of GAGs covalently attached to core proteins. The proteoglycans attach noncovalently though a link protein to long chains of hyaluronic acid and form giant aggregates.

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28
Q

What do multi adhesive glycoproteins do?

A

serve as cross-links between collagen, extracellular matrix, and cells and play an important role in stabilizing the ECM

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29
Q

Multiadhesive glycoproteins bind ECM to the transmembrane proteins form the ___ family, which are associated with hemidesmosomes and focal adhesions

A

integrin

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30
Q

What is the most abundant glycoprotein in the connective tissue?

A

fibronectin

note: each fibronectin molecule is a dimer

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31
Q

This multiadhesive glycoprotein is present in the basal lamina

A

laminin

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32
Q

Resident cells of the connective tissue undergo mitosis ____ the connective tissue and spend most of their lifetime ___ the connective tissue

A

within; in

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33
Q

What is the principal resident cell of connective tissue?

A

fibroblasts

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34
Q

What do fibroblasts do?

A

produce components of the ECM, including collagen and elastic fibers, GAGs, proteoglycans, multi adhesive glycoproteins, and others

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35
Q

____ fibroblasts are present in the actively growing connective tissue, or during wound repair. They are characterized by abundant cytoplasm with many thin processes. The nucleus is oval-shaped, pale, euchromatic, usually with one or more well-expressed nucleoli. They are commonly found in loose connective tissue.

A

active

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36
Q

____ fibroblasts are present in dense connective tissues that are not growing. They have a limited cytoplasm with a less developed RER and Golgi. Their nucleus is heterochromatic and is usually dark and elongated.

A

inactive

37
Q

_____ display properties of both fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells. Besides RER and Golgi, they also contain bundles of actin filaments and dense bodies similar to those of smooth muscle cells. Despite their ability to contract, they are NOT a type of smooth muscle cell and differs from the latter in sever aspects e.g. not having an external lamina. They are often numerous at wound sites .

A

Myofibroblasts

38
Q

_____ cells are present in the embryonic connective tissue and superficially resemble active fibroblasts in having pale, euchromatic uncle and well-developed RER and Golgi. They are PLURIPOTENT and give rise to many other connective tissue cells including fibroblasts, chondroblasts, osteoblasts, and adipocytes

A

mesenchymal

39
Q

What are the most common adipocytes? What do they look like?

A

unilocular adipcytes; large spherical cells and contain a single large lipid droplet

40
Q

What are aggregates of unilocular adipocytes called?

A

white adipose tissue

41
Q

What are the type of adipocytes found in brown adipose tissue?

A

multilocular adipcytes

42
Q

Macrophages come from blood ____. They have a ____ shaped nucleus.

A

monocytes; kidney

43
Q

What are the functions of macrophages?

A

phagocytosis of bacteria, senescent cells; present antigens; and produce cytokines

44
Q 
Give the locations for the following cells in the mononuclear phagocytic system:
Histocytes
alveolar macrophages
kupffer cells
osteoclasts
langerhans cells
dendritic cells
microglial cells
A 
Histocytes: connective tissue
alveolar macrophages: lung
kupffer cells: liver
osteoclasts: bone
langerhans cells: skin
dendritic cells: lymph node
microglial cells: CNS
45
Q

Where do mast cells come from? What does their nucleus look like?

A

bone marrow; rounded, oval nucleus

46
Q

Mast cells have large granules in their cytoplasm. What are the three main granules?

A

histamine, heparin/chondroitin sulfate, chemotactic mediators

47
Q

The surface of mast cells contain specific receptors for Ig___

A

E

48
Q

Activation of a mast cell occurs during the ___ exposure to the antigen, when plasma cells produce large amounts of IgE, which becomes bound to the surface of mast cells

A

first

49
Q

In regards to mast cells, what happens during the subsequent exposure to the antigen?

A

antigen binds IgE, cross-linking of IgE, clustering of receptors, degranulation

50
Q

Describe what happens during degranulation. Focus on Histamine, Chemotactic mediators, and the hypersensitivity reaction.

A

Histamine causes vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, bronchoconstriction, and increased mucus production

chemotactic mediators attract eosinophils and neutrophils

hypersensitivity reaction causes anaphylactic shock

51
Q

What are the 4 main types of resident cells?

A

fibroblasts, adipocytes, macrophages, and mast cells

52
Q

Transient cells are immune system cells. The two main types are what?

A

plasma cells, leukocytes

53
Q

Where do plasma cells come from? What do they do?

A

come from B lymphocytes, secrete antibodies

54
Q

Where are plasma cells abundant? What do their nuclei look like?

A

abundant in RER, Golgi; nucleus has clock-face chromatin pattern

55
Q

True or false?

plasma cells have high mobility

A

false; little mobility

56
Q

Embryonic connective tissues. Give the two types of tissues.

A

mesenchyme; mucous connective tissue

57
Q

Connective tissue proper. Give the two types.

A

Loose, dense

58
Q

Specialized connective tissues. Name all 5.

A

adipose tissue, reticular tissue, blood, bone, cartilage

59
Q

Mesenchyme

A

embryo; cells form a 3-D network; few fibers in ECM

60
Q

Mucous connective tissue

A

only in umbilical cord; lots of hyaluronan; no collagen; gelatin-like appearance - Wharton’s jelly

61
Q

Loose connective tissue

A

Few collagen fibers, abundant ground substance, highly cellular; found in lamina propria surrounding peripheral nerves, blood vessels, and excretory ducts

62
Q

Dense connective tissue (general)

A

more fibrous, bundles of collagen, fewer cells

63
Q

Dense irregular connective tissue

A

collagen fibers and bundles - different directions, elastic fibers, little ground substance, fibroblasts,few transient cells, designed to resist stress from all directions; found in dermis and capsules of internal organs

64
Q

Dense regular connective tissue

A

collagen fibers and bundles - same direction, inactive fibroblasts with nuclei compressed/little cytoplasm; designed to resist stress in one direction; found in tendon, ligament, and aponeurosis

65
Q

Reticular tissue

A

meshwork; collagen type III; does not form bundles

66
Q

How much blood is found in the body?

A

6 liters

67
Q 
Blood regulates which of the following:
homeostasis
temperature
pH
osmotic pressure
A

all of them

68
Q

Plasma is ___% water, and contains the protein albumin which maintains ____

A

90; osmolarity

69
Q

What is the size of an RBC in micrometers

A

8 x 2.5 micrometers

70
Q

___ WBC vs. ___ RBC

A

1; 600

71
Q

A leukocyte count higher than _____ indicates leukocytosis. A leukocyte count lower than ___ indicates leucopenia

A

12,000 / mm3; 5,000 / mm3

72
Q

Leukocytes use ___ movement within tissues

A

amoeboid

73
Q

In regards to classification of leukocytes, name the 3 granulocytes, and the two agranulocytes

A

granulocytes: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

no granulocytes: lymphocytes, monocytes

74
Q

______ are the most common WBC, making up 55-70% of all WBC. They are 10-12 micrometers in size and multilobed (polymorphonuclear).

A

neutrophils

75
Q

Neutrophils primary function is what?

A

bacterial phagocytosis, secrete IL-1

76
Q

____ make up 2-4% of all WBC. They are 11-14 micrometers in size, bilobed, and contain cytotoxins in their granules.

A

eosinophils

77
Q

Presence of eosinophils is common during what?

A

parasitic infestations and allergic reactions - break down histamine and inhibit mast cell degranulation

78
Q

____ are the rarest of all WBC, making up only 0.5-1.5% of all WBC. They are 8-10 micrometers in sized and have a lobed nucleus. Their granules contain histamine and heparin

A

basophils

79
Q

What do basophils produce?

A

histamine - similar to mast cell

80
Q

____ makes up 20-30% of all WBC. They are 6-12 micrometers in size. They have a heterochromatic nucleus with a tiny rim of cytoplasm with no granules.

A

lymphocytes

81
Q

How do lymphocytes travel?

A

circulate through blood and internal organs where they mature and divide

82
Q

Name each type of lymphocyte and what percentage of the total population they make up.

A

T lymphocytes 80%
B lymphocytes 15%
NK cells 5%

83
Q

T lymphocytes arise from where? They migrate to the ___ to mature. What do they produce?

A

formed in bone marrow; thymus; produce cytokines

84
Q

Where do B lymphocytes arise from and where do they reside? What do they proliferate into?

A

arise from bone marrow; reside in lymphoid tissue; proliferate into plasma cells

85
Q

NK cells are programmed during ____. What do they kill?

A

development; virus-infected cells and some tumor cells

86
Q

____ make up 2-6% of all WBC. They are 12-20 micrometers in size. They bean-shaped nuclei and have lysosomes in their cytoplasm. They are precursors for phagocytic cells.

A

monocytes

87
Q

Monocytes circulate through blood and migrate into tissues where they become ____

A

macrophages

88
Q

What is the total platelet range for a normal adult?

A

200,000 - 300,000 / mm3

89
Q

What is the lifespan of a platelet?

A

8-10 days

Histology (7 decks)

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