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Histology > Cartilage and Bone > Flashcards

Cartilage and Bone Flashcards

1
Q

Cartilage originates from the ___ in week 5 and forms the fetal skeleton

A

mesenchyme

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2
Q

Since cartilage is avascular, how does it get nutrition?

A

difffusion

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3
Q

Cartilage has a high ability to regenerate

A

fasle; poor regeneration - fibrous scars

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4
Q

These cells are found on the cartilage surface, are from mesenchyme, have a basophilic cytoplasm, and turn into chondrocytes

A

chondroblasts

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5
Q

These cells are surrounded by matrix, contain lacunae, produce ECM, and have isogenous groups of interstitial growth

A

chondrocytes

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6
Q

The ECM of cartilage is mostly type ___ collagen and provides ___ stability.

A

II; mechanic

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7
Q

The ground substance of cartilage is poorly hydrated and has very few proteoglycans. True or false?

A

false - highly hydrated and has GAGs, proteoglycans, and multi adhesive glycoproteins

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8
Q

In regards to the ECM of cartilage, the territorial regions around lacunae are ___ stained, while inter territorial regions are ____ stained

A

intensely; less

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9
Q

___ cartilage is the principal type of cartilage found in the body

A

hyaline

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10
Q

The matrix of hyaline cartilage is made up of what type of collagen?

A

type II

note: there are also chondroblasts and chondrocytes present here

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11
Q

Where is hyaline cartilage found?

A

embryonic skeleton, most moveable joints, epiphyseal plates, costal cartilages, and the respiratory system

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12
Q

Hyaline cartilage has a well-developed perichondrium composed of ___ ___ connective tissue

A

dense irregular

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13
Q

This type of cartilage has a rather limited distribution and has a well-developed perichondrium

A

elastic

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14
Q

The matrix of elastic cartilage is primarily composed of what?

A

collagen type II, GAGs, proteoglycans, and elastic fibers that can be visible in a light microscope

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15
Q

Chondrocytes are located within large, distended ____

A

lacunae

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16
Q

Where is elastic cartilage found?

A

in the ear auricle, external auditory canal walls, eustachian tube, and epiglottis

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17
Q

This type of cartilage is a “hybrid” between hyaline cartilage and dense irregular connective tissue.

A

fibrocartilage

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18
Q

Does fibrocartilage have a perichondrium?

A

no

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19
Q

What is the matrix of fibrocartilage composed of?

A

collagen type II and type I, GAGs, and proteoglycans

note: bundles of collagen type I can be visualized in a light microscope

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20
Q

Where is fibrocartilage found?

A

intervertebral disks, pubic cartilage, and sternoclavicular and temporomandibular joint

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21
Q

What is the malignant proliferation of cartilage called and where is it commonly found?

A

chondrosarcoma; pelvis, proximal femur and humerus

note: slight male predominancy

22
Q

Because the ECM of bone is mineralized, the diffusion through this tissue is very limited, and bone in contrast to cartilage, is a ___ tissue

A

vascular

23
Q

The outer rigid shell of the bone is formed by ___ bone

A

compact

24
Q

____ bone forms series of spicules and trabecular on the inner side of the compact bone that extend into the marrow cavity

A

spongy

25
Q

Marrow cavity is filled with what?

A

reticular CT or fat

26
Q

In regard to bone coverings, the external surface of the bone is called the ____, and the internal surface is lined with ____

A

periosteum

note: made of dense irregular tissue; endosteum

27
Q

In regards to bone matrix, ___ matrix is similar to dense connective tissue in having large number of collagen type I bundles, GAGs, proteoglycans, and multi adhesive proteins. There is little found substance in the bone matrix

A

organic

28
Q

What is inorganic matrix composed of?

A

calcium phosphate and other mineral components

29
Q

____ cells are found in the periosteum and endosteum. They are derived from mesenchymal cells and can differentiate into osteoblasts

A

osteoprogenitor

30
Q

Osteoblasts secret type ___ collagen and bone matrix proteins and are responsible for the ____ of the bone tissue

A

I; calcification

31
Q

Active osteoblasts are ___ cells. Inactive osteoblasts are ___ cells. (cell shape)

A

cuboidal; squamous

32
Q

Osteocytes are osteoblasts that become trapped in the matrix. The are housed where?

A

in lacunae within the calcified bone matrix

33
Q

Radiating out in all directions from the lacunae are narrow, tunnel-like spaces called ____, which contain the osteocyte processes

A

canaliculi

34
Q

Osteocytes are involved in the maintenance of bone and in deposition and mobilization of ___ from the matrix

A

calcium

35
Q

Osteoclasts attach to the bone via the actin-rich area called the ___ zone

A

clear

36
Q

Malignant proliferation of osteoblasts is called _____, characterized by the production of osteoid by malignant cells and commonly occur in teenagers at the sites of the most rapid bone growth

A

osteosarcoma

37
Q

What is an osteoid osteoma?

A

a small benign tumor that occurs anywhere in the appendicular skeleton or the spine and causes acute night pains

38
Q

Describe what happens in Paget’s Disease

A

increased osteoclast activity followed by rapid deposition of new woven bone which is fragile and prone to fractures

39
Q

____ bone is the immature type of bone laid down either when the bones are first formed or during repair

A

primary (woven)

40
Q

____ bone contains collagen fibers that are organized into layers, or lamellae. This bone is much stronger than woven bone.

A

secondary (lamellar)

41
Q

What is the main structural unit of lamellar bone?

A

an osteon

42
Q

A ___ is a concentric cylindrical structure formed around a Haversian canal, which runs parallel to the long axis of the bone

A

osteon

43
Q

True or false? Collagen fibers within each lamella have the same orientation, while the fibers of adjacent lamellae are at 90 degrees from each other

A

true

44
Q

Lacunae are connected by ____

A

canaliculi

45
Q

______ canals are transverse channels in the mature bone through which blood vessels and nerves travel from the bone periphery to the aversion canals

A

volkmann’s

46
Q

Interstitial lamellae represent remnants of old ___ systems

A

haversian

47
Q

In ________ ossification, bone is formed directly from CT. Most of the flat bones of the skull are formed this way.

A

intramembranous

48
Q

In ______ ossification, bone is formed by replacement of a cartilaginous template with bony tissue. Most of the long and short bones of the body are formed this way

A

endochondral

49
Q

List the phases of endochondral ossification

A
  1. hyaline cartilage
  2. bony collar
  3. cartilage hypertrophy/calcification
  4. degeneration of chondrocytes
  5. angiogenesis
  6. migration (osteoprogenitor cells)
  7. bone formation
  8. removal of calcified cartilage
50
Q

In regards to the ossification of long bones, where are the primary and secondary ossification centers located?

A

primary: diaphysis of a long bone
secondary: epiphyses of long bones

51
Q 
The epiphyseal plate is responsible for bone growth and disappears in adults. It can be divided into five zones. Describe each of the following zones.
reserve cartilage
proliferation
hypertrophy
calcification
ossification
A

reserve cartilage: hyaline cartilage and typical chondrocytes

proliferation: rapid tissue growth, columns of stacked cells (isogenous groups)
hypertrophy: swollen chondrocytes, causes compression of matrix
calcification: chondrocytes are lost by apoptosis
ossification: appearance of bone tissue

Histology (7 decks)

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