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AS/ Histo > Connective Tissue > Flashcards

Connective Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What is connective tissue?

A

Diverse group of cell within ECM

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2
Q

What are the different types of connective tissues?

A

Embryonic
Specialized( cartilage, bone, lymph, adipose, blood)
CT porper: Loose and dense

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3
Q

What are the functions of connective tissues?

A

Support and connections- tendons and ligaments
Defense- site of inflammation and immune reaction. Physical barrier.
Nutrients - blood supply, fat storage, diffusion of nutrients and waste.
reservoir for water and electrolytes.

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4
Q

What is loose connective tissue?

A

is Lots of cells, lots of ground space and few fibers loosely arranged right.

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5
Q

Functions of loose connective tissue?

what is an example of loose CT?

A

1-Support epithelium cell.
2-Surrounds blood vessels.
3-Fills in spaces between muscles.
4-Site of inflammatory and immune response bc it surrounds blood vessels.
5-Diffusion of nutrients and waste (o2 and co2) bc it surrounds blood vessel.
6-provide structural support.

Lamina propria is a loose CT

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6
Q

What is Dense CT?

A

Densely packed tissue composed of lots of fibers and very few cells and gound substances

it is divided into regular and irregular dense CT

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7
Q

Function of Dense CT ?

A

Protection.
Tensile strength
Transmission force of muscle contractility.
Attaches muscles to bone.
tendons, ligaments, cornea.

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8
Q

What is Regular dense CT ?

where is it found?

Function?

A

Orderly parallel bundles of collagen

Tendons, ligaments, cornea

Attaches muscles to bone,
Transmit force of muscle contraction
Protection

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9
Q

What is irregular dense CT?

Where is it found?

Function?

A

Fibers arranged in random order.

Found in skin and Gi tract.

Provides tensile strength and protection.

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10
Q

What are the different fibers in CT ?

A

Collagen system fibers: Collagen fibers
Reticular fibers (type 3 collagen)

Elastic fibers which are elastic system fibers

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11
Q

Collagen Fibers
how common?

stain what color?how do they appear?

histologic structure?

Property and function?

synthesized by what?

A

Most abundant

Stain red in H and E stain
Stain blue in trichrome stain.
Thick bands

Wavy structure

Flexible yet high tensile strength. Variable width
Structural support, tissue healing, cartilage, bone.

Synthesized by fibroblasts, chondrocytes, bone cells

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12
Q

How is collagen synthesized?

A

intracellular and extracellular.

1) we have an active transcription in the nucleus of fibroblast.
2) Post translation modification of procollagen in the RER; hydroxylation of proline and lysine residue which is Vit C dependent.
3) Goes to Golgi for modification then it is released to the outside of the cell.
4) outside the cell the pro collagen overlap and bind to form a collagen fibril.
a bundle of fibril forms a collagen fiber..

collagen fiber can also exist in bundle of collagen fiber.

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13
Q

Scurvy

A

It’s a vitamin deficiency disease that is caused by not eating enough fruits and vegetables. Left untreated, scurvy can lead to bleeding gums, loosened teeth and bleeding under your skin

characterized by bone disease in children and hemorrhage and healing defects in both children and adult.

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14
Q

What are reticular fibers?

Synthesized by?

Structure?

Function?

Where are they found?

Histologic features? what are they stained by ?

A

They are part of the collagen system fibers. They are collagen 3 fiber.

Synthesized by reticular cells

Form 3d network instead of bundles.

Structural support of cells. Support hematopoietic cells (bone marrow) and lymphoid organs (except thyroid)

appear as black cracks in silver stain.

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15
Q

Types of collagen and where are they found.

A

Type 1- Bone
Type 2- Hayine Cartilage
Type 3- Reticular Fibers
Type 4- Basil lamina

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16
Q

Elastic Fibers

Composed of ?

Synthesized by?

Function ?

Found in ?

Histological structure and staining?

A

Elastic fiber system

Elastin

Fibroblasts (skin and tendons), chondroblasts ( elastic cartilage), smooth muscles ( in large blood vessels)

Allow tissues to respond to stretch and dissension.

Skin, tendons, aorta, cartilage

black and purple in h and e. thin lines. thinner than collagen

17
Q

Osteogenesis Imperfecta

A

Disease that causes brittle, and blue sclera.

Bones break and fracture easily due to defective synthesis of collagen 1 fibers.

18
Q

Ehlers -Danlos Syndromes

A

Defect in collagen synthesis or assembly.

Leads to hypermobility of joints, hyperextensible skin that is vulnerable to trauma and poor wound healing.

19
Q

Marfan syndrome

A

Mutation ion the FBN1 gene than codes for fibrillar which results in lack of resistant in tissues rich in elastic fibers.

Clinical features include aortic aneurysm and aortic dissection( rupture of walls bc no elastic fibers) , long fingers,

hyper mobility of joints bc some collagen fibers are also affected.

20
Q

Ground substance
what is it ?

Functions?

A

Components of ECM
colorless Gell like substance that fills space between cells and fibers. High water content (water storage)

1)Provides lubrication for movement of collagen.
2)Path for cell migration
3)Allows diffusion for water soluble molecules
4)Binds and retains growth factors
5)Anchors cell to ECM (integral and fibronectin)
6)Via cell adhesion molecules information is transmitted across the plasma membrane.

21
Q

Ground substance molecules

A

1)Glycosaminglycans (GAGs) - unbranched polysaccharide chains.
Hyaluronic acid is a special type of GAGs
2) Proteoglycan- GAGs + protein core. Indirectly binds to HA with linker protein. Combines with lots of water.

3) Glycoprotein- stabilize the ECM and link it to cell surface
-integrin- binds ECM to cell
-fibronectin- binds many ECM components and attach to integrins.
-laminin- attaches cell to basement membrane.

22
Q

Hyaluronic Acid

How does it present?

What does it bind?

Where is it found ?

Function?

A

Present as a free carbohydrate chain

Not covalently bound to protein

Proteoglycan indirectly binds to HA via linker protein; More than proteoglycan can bind one HA forming proteoglycan aggregates.

Found in cartilage

-Important in immobilizing molecules like growth factors.
-Effective insulator , preventing diffusion through dense network

23
Q

Enzymes that degrade ECM

A

Hyaluronidases
Matrix Metalloproteinases(MMPs)

24
Q

Hyaluronidases

A

Enzymes that degrade hyaluronic acid.
which lowers the viscosity of connective tissue and increases permeability.

It is important in drug delivery

Bacterias secrets it to get into deep tissue.

Metastatic potential of tumors- to spread

25
Q

Matrix metalloporteinases (MMPs)

A

Tissue remodeling and degradation of the ECM

Increased expression of MMPS for tumor invasion, and metastasis and tumor angiogenesis.

26
Q

Resident cells

A

Fibroblasts
Mast cells
Macrophages
Adipocytes
Stem cells

27
Q

Wandering Cells

A

Lymphocytes
plasma cells
Neutrophils
Eosinophils, basophils , monocytes

28
Q

Fibroblast
Shape? Nucleus?

Function ?

Activity?

A

Most common cell type of connective tissue
Spindle shaped cell
flat elliptic nucleus
thin cytoplasm

Synthesizes procures of ground substance, collagen and elastin fibers.

Rarely divide but capable in response to injury, inflammation example Myofibroblasts are a differentiated cell type essential for wound healing

Active fibroblasts have large euchromatic nuclei while inactive fibroblasts are smaller with heterochromatic nuclei.

29
Q

Most common cell in connective tissue?

Most common fiber in connective tissue?

A

Fibroblast

Collagen

30
Q

Macrophages
What is it? Structure?

Precursor ?

Function?

Histologic structure?

A

A phagocytes: contains lysosome and residual bodies. Contains lots of phagocytic vesicles for transient storage of ingested material;

Originates in the bone marrow as monocytes that travels in blood. When activated it becomes a microphage.

Initiate immune response; release cytokines, present antigens to lymphocytes
secretes hydrolytic enzymes like collagenase to move into the tissues .

Hard to identify with Hand E staining. It’s injected with black dye.

Oval or kidney shaped nucleus

31
Q

Mast cells

What does it arise from ?

Shape of cell?

Nucleus? Cytoplasm?

A

Arise from multipotent hematopoietic stem sells in the bone marrow

Oval round cell shape with microvilli

Nucleus is centered in the cell.
Cell express Ig E receptors

Cytoplasm filled with secretory granules containing heparin, histamine and other vasoactive mediators and chemotactic factors.

32
Q

Adipose tissue

Function

A

Specialized CT

Main energy storage.
Insulation
Fat stores as triglycerides

Fills space in between tissues: provide cushion for certain parts as shock absorbers like kidney, around eyes and soles of feet.

Hormone production substances, secretes leptin.

33
Q

Adipocytes types and function

A

resident in ct

white/uniocular adipocytes: energy storage, insulation, cushion, hormone production

multi ocular/brown:
heat production and thermogenesis

34
Q

Uniocuar/White adipocytes

structure

Nucleus

What does it secret?

A

One large lipd droplet surrounded by a ring of cytoplasm

nucleus is flattened and located on the periphery.

Secrets reticular fibers that surround the adipocyte

35
Q

Multiocular (Brown) adipocyte

Structure, nucleus, etc

what does it look like in staining

A

Fetal life and first decade after birth

multiple lipid droplets.
eccentric nucleus ( to the side)

Numerous mitochondria

in h and e it looks red bc of mitochondria.

36
Q

Plasma cell

A

Wondering cells of CT

Driver from B lymphocytes.

Oval cell
eccentric nucleus
wheel or clock face nucleus
ghost of Golgi bc it doesn’t stain in h and e.

37
Q

Diapedesis

A

WBC moves from blood capillaries to CT

increases during inflammation.

AS/ Histo (5 decks)

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