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2A Histology Midterms > CONNECTIVE TISSUE > Flashcards

CONNECTIVE TISSUE Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary role of connective tissue in the body?

A

Providing structural support

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2
Q

Which component of connective tissue is primarily responsible for structural support and nutrient diffusion?

A

Extracellular matrix (ECM)

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3
Q

Which type of connective tissue cell is responsible for storing energy?

A

Adipocytes

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4
Q

These Are lymphocyte-derived, antibody-producing cells. Large, ovoid cells, with basophilic cytoplasm rich in RER and a large Golgi apparatus near the nucleus.

A

Plasma Cells

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5
Q

Which type of collagen is the most prevalent in the human body?

A

Type I Collagen

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6
Q

Which of the following statements best describes the primary composition of reticular fibers?
a) Type I collagen
b) Type II collagen
c) Type III collagen
d) Type IV collagen

A

c) Type III collagen

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7
Q

These are Thinner than type I collagen fibers and form sparse networks interspersed with collagen bundles by many organs.

A

Elastic fibers

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8
Q

Which is NOT a classification of the connective tissue proper?
a) Loose connective tissue
b) Reticular Tissue
c) Dense irregular connective tissue
d) Dense regular connective tissue

A

b) Reticular Tissue

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9
Q

These Are oval or irregularly shaped cells of connective tissue, between 7 and 20 um in diameter.
Filled with basophilic secretory granules.

A

Mast Cells

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10
Q

This Consists of delicate networks of type Ill collagen and is most abundant in certain lymphoid organs where the fibers form attachment sites for lymphocytes and other immune cells.

A

Reticular tissue

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11
Q

______ tissue supports and protects organs.

A

Connective

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12
Q

This is the FUNDAMENTAL SUPPORT STRUCTURE.

A

CONNECTIVE TISSUE

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13
Q

This HOLDS ORGANS AND TISSUES TOGETHER AND FACILITATES THEIR FUNCTIONS.

A

CONNECTIVE TISSUE

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14
Q

THIS SERVES AS FRAMEWORK FOR ORGANS AND TISSUES.

A

CONNECTIVE TISSUE

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15
Q

It CUSHIONS ORGANS FROM INJURY.

A

CONNECTIVE TISSUE

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16
Q

IMMUNE CELLS WITHIN the connective tissue HELP PROTECT BODY FROM ______.

A

PATHOGENS

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17
Q

This ALLOWS FOR THE DIFFUSION OF NUTRIENTS AND WASTE PRODUCTS BETWEEN BLOOD VESSELS AND CELLS.

A

CONNECTIVE TISSUE

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18
Q

______ TISSUE STORES ENERGY AS FAT.

A

ADIPOSE

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19
Q

TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE

______ TISSUE
- AREOLAR, RETICULAR, AND ADIPOSE TISSUES
- LOOSE ARRANGEMENT OF FIBERS
- HIGH PROPORTION OF GROUND SUBSTANCE.

A

LOOSE CONNECTIVE

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20
Q

TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE

______ TISSUE
- TENDONS, LIGAMENTS, DERMIS
- HIGHER DENSITY OF FIBERS
- ARRANGED REGULARLY (TENDONS, LIGAMENTS) OR IRREGULARLY (DERMIS).

A

DENSE CONNECTIVE

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21
Q

TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE

______ TISSUE
- CARTILAGE, BONE, BLOOD, AND ADIPOSE TISSUE.

A

SPECIALIZED CONNECTIVE

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22
Q

UNLIKE THE OTHER TISSUE TYPES (EPITHELIUM, MUSCLE, AND NERVE), WHICH CONSIST MAINLY OF CELLS, ______ IS THE PRIMARY COMPONENT OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE.

A

EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX (ECM)

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23
Q

This is A GEL-LIKE MATERIAL CONTAINING PROTEOGLYCANS, GLYCOSAMINOGLYCANS (GAGS), AND GLYCOPROTEINS.

A

GROUND SUBSTANCE

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24
Q

This FILLS THE SPACES BETWEEN CELLS IN CONNECTIVE TISSUE. CELLS USE IT FOR SUPPORT, WATER STORAGE, BINDING, AND A MEDIUM FOR INTERCELLULAR EXCHANGE.

A

GROUND SUBSTANCE

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25
Q

PROTEIN FIBERS of ECM:

A

RETICULAR FIBERS
ELASTIC FIBERS
COLLAGEN FIBERS

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26
Q

PROTEIN FIBERS

______ FIBERS - SUPPORT

A

RETICULAR

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27
Q

PROTEIN FIBERS

______ FIBERS - STRETCH AND RECOIL

A

ELASTIC

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28
Q

PROTEIN FIBERS

______ FIBERS - STRENGTH

A

COLLAGEN

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29
Q

All connective tissues originate from ______, a tissue developing mainly from the middle layer of the embryo, the ______.

A

embryonic mesenchyme, mesoderm

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30
Q

This contains uniformly undifferentiated cells scattered in a gel-like matrix.

A

MESODERM

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31
Q

These are “Spindle-shaped,” with their scant cytoplasm extended as two or more thin cytoplasmic processes.

A

MESENCHYMAL CELLS

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32
Q

As the body develops, these ______ cells can turn into all types of connective tissues.

A

mesenchymal

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33
Q

These are Primary cells in connective tissue, responsible for producing and maintaining the extracellular matrix (ECM) by synthesizing and secreting collagen and elastin fibers, as well as proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), and glycoproteins.

A

FIBROBLAST

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34
Q

They originate from mesenchymal cells and are permanent residents of connective tissue.

A

FIBROBLAST

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35
Q

______ play a crucial role in wound healing, producing ECM to fill the gap and facilitate tissue repair.

A

Fibroblasts

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36
Q

______ are specialized cells that are similar to fibroblasts but with contractile properties. They contribute to wound contraction and closure.

A

Myofibroblasts

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37
Q

FIBROBLASTS CAN EXIST IN TWO STATES:

A

ACTIVE CELL OR “FIBROBLAST”
QUIESCENT CELL OR “FIBROCYTE”

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38
Q

FIBROBLASTS CAN EXIST IN TWO STATES

______ CELL OR “______”
- MORE ABUNDANT AND IRREGULARLY BRANCHED CYTOPLASM
- ROUGHER ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM (RER)
- WELL DEVELOPED GOLGI APPARATUS
- LARGE, OVOID, EUCHROMATIC NUCLEUS
- PROMINENT NUCLEOLUS.

A

ACTIVE, FIBROBLAST

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39
Q

FIBROBLASTS CAN EXIST IN TWO STATES

______ CELL OR “______”
- SMALLER THAN THE OTHER USUALLY
- SPINDLE-SHAPED
- WITH FEWER PROCESSES
- MUCH LESS RER
- DARKER, MORE HETEROCHROMATIC NUCLEUS.

A

QUIESCENT, FIBROCYTE

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40
Q

______ are fat cells that store energy in the form of neutral fats. They are found in adipose connective tissue, which provides cushioning and insulation.

A

Adipocytes

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41
Q

______ also play a role in metabolism and have significant medical implications.

A

Adipocytes

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42
Q

MACROPHAGES, PLASMA CELLS, AND MAST CELLS, ORIGINATE FROM HEMATOPOIETIC ______ CELLS IN BONE MARROW, CIRCULATE IN THE BLOOD, AND THEN MOVE INTO CONNECTIVE TISSUE WHERE THEY FUNCTION.

IN CONTRAST WITH FIBROBLASTS THAT ORIGINATE LOCALLY FROM ______ CELLS.

A

STEM, MESENCHYMAL

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43
Q

______ are specialized immune cells that play crucial roles in tissue maintenance and defense.

A

Macrophages

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44
Q

They are derived from monocytes and are characterized by their ability to engulf and digest foreign particles, dead cells, and debris.

A

MACROPHAGES

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45
Q

This is a FAMILY OF CELLS COMPRISING BONE MARROW PROGENITORS, BLOOD MONOCYTES AND TISSUE MACROPHAGES.

A

MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTE SYSTEM (MPS)

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46
Q

______ ARE A KEY PART OF THE MPS. THEY ARE SPECIALIZED CELLS THAT ENGULF AND DESTROY FOREIGN PARTICLES, SUCH AS BACTERIA, VIRUSES, AND CELLULAR DEBRIS. THIS PROCESS IS KNOWN AS ______. THEY ARE ALSO PART OF PART OF BOTH INNATE AND ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY, ACTING AS ______.

A

MACROPHAGES, PHAGOCYTOSIS, ANTIGEN-PRESENTING CELLS (APC)

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47
Q

These are Are oval or irregularly shaped cells, components of loose connective tissue, between 7 and 20 μm in diameter.

A

MAST CELLS

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48
Q

These are Filled with basophilic secretory granules.

A

MAST CELLS

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49
Q

Mast cell granules display ______, so, they can change the color from blue to purple or red.

A

metachromasia

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50
Q

Mast cells are present in the connective tissue of many organs, mostly near blood vessels and, in mesenteries (______ mast cells) and, in the tissue that lines digestive and respiratory tracts (______ mast cells).

A

perivascular, mucosal

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51
Q

This Functions in the localized release of bioactive substances important for inflammation, innate immunity, and tissue repair.

A

MAST CELL

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52
Q

Immediate ______ reactions are triggered with release of chemical mediators from mast cells triggers occurring within minutes of antigen exposure in sensitized individuals.

A

hypersensitivity

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53
Q

The first exposure to an allergen, like bee venom, causes ______ production, which binds to mast cells.

A

IgE

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54
Q

MAST CELL

The ______ triggers the release of histamine, leukotrienes, chemokines, and heparin, leading to a rapid allergic reaction.

A

allergen

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55
Q

These Are lymphocyte-derived, antibody-producing cells. Large, ovoid cells, with basophilic cytoplasm rich in RER and a large pale Golgi apparatus near the nucleus.

A

PLASMA CELLS

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56
Q

PLASMA CELLS

The round nuclei frequently show peripheral clumps of ______ alternating with lighter areas of ______.

A

heterochromatin, euchromatin

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57
Q

Plasma cells are found in most connective tissues and have an average lifespan of ______ days.

A

10-20

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58
Q

______ cells, derived from B lymphocytes, produce immunoglobulin antibodies specific to the antigen that stimulated the B cell clone.

This antibody-antigen reaction usually neutralizes harmful effects, such as toxins like tetanus and diphtheria. The resulting antigen-antibody complexes are quickly removed from tissues through ______.

A

Plasma, phagocytosis

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59
Q

______ or other ______ blood cells, are wandering cells in connective tissue, originating from circulating blood cells. They migrate through venule endothelium into connective tissue, a process that intensifies during inflammation.

A

Leukocytes, white

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60
Q

______ starts with the release of chemical mediators from cells, the ECM, and blood plasma proteins. These mediators affect blood vessels, mast cells, macrophages, and other cells. Key inflammatory events include increased blood flow, vascular permeability, leukocyte migration, and macrophage activation.

A

Inflammation

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61
Q

Vascular permeability increases due to vasoactive substances like ______ from mast cells during inflammation.

A

histamine

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62
Q

Classic signs of ______ include redness, swelling, heat, and pain.

A

inflammation

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63
Q

______, the attraction of specific cells by specific molecules, draws more leukocytes into the inflamed area.

A

Chemotaxis

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64
Q

FIBERS:

A

COLLAGEN
RETICULAR
ELASTIC FIBERS

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65
Q

The fibers are made from proteins that are released by cells called ______ and then combine to form long, thread-like structures.

A

fibroblasts

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66
Q

FIBERS from The same Collagen family:

A

COLLAGEN
RETICULAR

67
Q

fibers from elastin:

A

ELASTIC FIBERS

68
Q

FIBRILLAR COLLAGENS:

A

COLLAGEN I, II, III,V, AND XI

69
Q

NETWORK OR SHEET-FORMING COLLAGENS:

A

TYPE IV AND X

70
Q

LINKING/ANCHORING COLLAGENS:

A

TYPE VII,IX, XII, AND XIV

71
Q

TYPES OF COLLAGEN:

A

FIBRILLAR COLLAGENS
NETWORK OR SHEET-FORMING COLLAGENS
LINKING/ANCHORING COLLAGENS

72
Q

WHAT COLLAGEN?

These form large fibrils visible under a microscope and are abundant in tissues like tendons, organ capsules, and the dermis.

A

FIBRILLAR COLLAGENS

73
Q

WHAT COLLAGEN?

such as type IV collagen have subunits produced by epithelial cells and are major structural proteins of external laminae and all epithelial basal laminae.

A

NETWORK OR SHEET-FORMING COLLAGENS

74
Q

WHAT COLLAGEN?

Short collagens that link fibrillar collagens to one another (forming larger fibers) and to other components of the ECM. Type VII collagen binds type IV collagen and anchors the basal lamina to the underlying reticular lamina in basement membranes

A

LINKING/ANCHORING COLLAGENS

75
Q

A ______ is a type of scar that becomes larger than normal because too much collagen is produced
during the healing process.

A

keloid

76
Q

These are thinner than the type I collagen fibers and form sparse networks interspersed with collagen bundles in many organs.

A

ELASTIC FIBERS

77
Q

They have rubberlike properties that allow tissue containing these fibers, such as the stroma of the lungs, to be stretched or distended and return to their original shape.

A

ELASTIC FIBERS

78
Q

______ - where elastin also occurs as fenestrated sheets

A

elastic lamellae

79
Q

Elastic fibers (and lamellae) are a composite of ______ (350 kDa) which forms a network of ______, embedded in a larger mass of ______ (60 kDa).

A

fibrillin, microfibrils, cross-linked elastin

80
Q

These are secreted from fibroblasts (and smooth muscle cells in vascular walls).

A

ELASTIC FIBERS

81
Q

The ______ act as scaffolding upon which elastin is then deposited.

A

microfibrils

82
Q

______ accumulates around the microfibrils, eventually making up most of the elastic fiber, and is responsible for the rubberlike property.

A

Elastin

83
Q

ELASTIC FIBERS

______ properties result from the structure of the elastin subunits and the unique cross- links holding them together.

A

elastic

84
Q

Bound firmly by many ______ rings, but maintaining the rubberlike properties of their hydrophobic domains, elastic fibers stretch reversibly when force is applied

A

desmosine

85
Q

ELASTIC FIBERS

Elastin resists digestion by most proteases, but it is hydrolyzed by pancreatic ______.

A

ELASTASE

86
Q

SMALL PIECE OF AN ELASTIC FIBER, IN TWO CONFORMATIONS. ______, THE MAJOR COMPONENTS OF ELASTIC FIBERS, HAVE MULTIPLE RANDOM-COIL DOMAINS THAT STRAIGHTEN OR STRETCH UNDER FORCE, AND THEN RELAX. MOST OF THE CROSS-LINKS BETWEEN ELASTIN SUBUNITS CONSIST OF THE COVALENT, ______, EACH OF WHICH INVOLVES FOUR CONVERTED LYSINES IN TWO ELASTIN MOLECULES. THIS UNUSUAL TYPE OF PROTEIN CROSS-LINK HOLDS THE AGGREGATE TOGETHER WITH LITTLE STERIC HINDRANCE TO ELASTIN MOVEMENTS. THESE PROPERTIES GIVE THE ENTIRE NETWORK ITS ELASTIC QUALITY.

A

ELASTIN POLYPEPTIDES, CYCLIC STRUCTURE DESMOSINE

87
Q

______ comprise a family of proteins involved in mak ing the scaffolding necessary for the deposition of elastin.

A

Fibrillins

88
Q

______ syndrome - a disease characterized by a lack of resistance in tissues rich in elastic fibers. Because the walls of large arteries are rich in elastic components and because the blood pressure is high in the aorta, patients with this disease often experience aortic swellings called aneurysms, which are life-threatening conditions.

A

Marfan

89
Q

It is highly hydrated (with much bound water)
■ Transparent
■ complex mixture of three major kinds of macromolecules:
glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
proteoglycans
multiadhesive glycoproteins

A

GROUND SUBSTANCE

90
Q

It fills the space between cells and fibers in connective tissue, it allows diffusion of small molecules and, because it is viscous, acts as both a lubricant and a barrier to the penetration of invaders.

A

GROUND SUBSTANCE

91
Q

Physical properties of ______ also profoundly influence various cellular activities.

A

ground substance

92
Q

These are long polymers of repeating disaccharide units, usually a hexosamine and uronic acid.

A

GAGs (Mucopolysaccharides)

93
Q

GAGs (Mucopolysaccharides)

Largest and most ubiquitous GAG is ______ (also called ______ or ______ acid).

A

hyaluronan, hyaluronate, hyaluronic

94
Q

______ (also called ______ or ______ acid)
- molecular weight from 100s to 1000s of kDa,
- very long polymer of the disaccharide glucosamine glucuronate.
- synthesized directly into the ECM by an enzyme complex, ______, located in the cell membrane of many cells.
- forms a viscous, pericellular network that binds a considerable amount of water, giving it an important role in allowing molecular diffusion through connective tissue and in lubricating various organs and joints.

A

hyaluronan, hyaluronate, hyaluronic, hyaluronan synthase

95
Q

Their high negative charge forces GAGs to an extended conformation and causes them to sequester cations as well as water. These features provide GAGs with space-filling, cushioning, and lubricant functions.

A

GAGs (Mucopolysaccharides)

96
Q

They consist of a core protein to which are covalently attached various numbers and combinations of the sulfated GAGs.

A

Proteoglycans

97
Q

they are synthesized on RER, mature in the Golgi apparatus, where the GAG side chains are added, and secreted from cells by exocytosis.

A

Proteoglycans

98
Q

They have attached GAGs that often comprise a greater mass than the polypeptide core.

A

Proteoglycans

99
Q

They are distinguished by their diversity, which is generated in part by enzymatic differences in the Golgi complexes.

A

Proteoglycans

100
Q

The four major GAGs found in proteoglycans: ______ sulfate, ______ sulfates, ______ sulfate, and ______ sulfate

A

dermatan, chondroitin, keratan, heparan

101
Q

______ is the key proteoglycan in all basal laminae.

A

Perlecan

102
Q

One of the best-studied proteoglycans, ______, is very large (250 kDa), having a core protein heavily bound with chondroitin and keratan sulfate chains.
Abundant in cartilage, ______ complexes fill the space between collagen fibers and cells and contribute greatly to the physical properties of this tissue.

A

aggrecan, aggrecan–hyaluronan

103
Q

Proteoglycans

______ is very rich in hyaluronan and water, producing the characteristic wide spacing of cells and a matrix ideal for cell migrations and growth.

A

Embryonic Mesenchyme

104
Q

In connective tissues, ______ store growth factors. When these tissues are damaged, the ______ break down, releasing the growth factors. These growth factors help new cells grow and repair the damaged tissue.

A

proteoglycans, proteoglycans

105
Q

______ relies on various cell types and lysosomal enzymes.

A

Proteoglycan degradation

106
Q

Enzyme deficiencies can cause GAG accumulation, leading to disorders like ______, ______, ______, and ______ syndromes.

A

Hurler, Hunter, Sanfilippo, Morquio

107
Q

______ and ______ create a barrier against bacteria due to their high viscosity.

______-producing bacteria break down this barrier, increasing invasiveness.

A

Hyaluronan, proteoglycans, Hyaluronidase

108
Q

This makes up the third major class of ground substance macromolecules.

A

multiadhesive glycoproteins

109
Q

They all have multiple binding sites for cell surface integrins and for other matrix macromolecules.

A

multiadhesive glycoproteins

110
Q

These are large molecules with branched oligosaccharide chains and allow adhesion of cells to their substrate.

A

multiadhesive glycoproteins

111
Q

examples of multiadhesive glycoproteins:

A

laminin, fibronectin

112
Q

Integrin-microfilament complexes cluster in fibroblasts and mesenchymal cells to form ______.

A

focal adhesions

113
Q

These adhesive junctions are typically at the ends of actin filaments bundled by α-actinin as cytoplasmic stress fibers, where focal adhesion kinases help transmit ECM forces to regulate cellular activities.

A

focal adhesions

114
Q

This is the water in the ground substance of connective tissue.

A

interstitial fluid

115
Q

It has an ion composition similar to that of blood plasma.

A

interstitial fluid

116
Q

It contains plasma proteins of low molecular weight that pass through the thin walls of the smallest blood vessels, the capillaries.

A

interstitial fluid

117
Q

______ is the excessive accumulation of interstitial fluid in connective tissue. This water comes from the blood, passing through the capillary walls that become more permeable during inflammation and normally produces at least slight swelling.

A

Edema

118
Q

______ in connective tissue deliver nutrients to cells and remove waste to the liver and kidneys. ______ serves as the solvent for these substances.

A

Capillaries, Interstitial fluid

119
Q

two main forces act on the water in capillaries:

A

hydrostatic pressure
colloid osmotic pressure

120
Q

two main forces act on the water in capillaries:

The ______ of the blood caused by the pumping action of the heart, which forces water out across the capillary wall

A

hydrostatic pressure

121
Q

two main forces act on the water in capillaries:

The ______ produced by plasma proteins such as albumin, which draws water back into the capillaries

A

colloid osmotic pressure

122
Q

TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE

A

Connective tissue proper
Reticular tissue
Mucoid tissue

123
Q

This is broadly classified as “loose” or “dense,” terms that refer to the amount of collagen present.

A

CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER

124
Q

______ tissue
- common, forming a layer beneath the epithelial lining of many organs and filling the spaces between fibers of muscle and nerve
- typically contains cells, fibers, and ground substance in roughly equal parts
- has a delicate consistency; it is flexible and not very resistant to stress

A

Loose connective

125
Q

It has similar components as loose connective tissue, but with fewer cells, mostly fibroblasts, and a clear predominance of bundled type I collagen fibers over ground substance.

A

Dense connective tissue

126
Q

______ tissue
- here, bundles of collagen fibers appear randomly interwoven, with no definite orientation
- Examples: deep dermis layer of skin and capsules surrounding most organs

A

Dense irregular connective

127
Q

______ tissue
- consists mostly of type I collagen bundles and fibroblasts aligned in parallel for great resistance to prolonged or repeated stresses from the same direction
- examples:
are the very strong and flexible ______, cords connecting muscles to bones;
______, which are sheetlike tendons; and
______, bands or sheets that hold together components of the skeletal system

A

Dense regular connective, tendons, aponeuroses, ligaments

128
Q

It is found in the delicate connective tissue of many organs, notably in the immune system, ______ consist mainly of collagen type III, which forms an extensive network (reticulum) of thin (diameter 0.5-2 μm) fibers to support many different cells.

A

reticular fibers

129
Q

______ fibers are found in the reticular lamina of basement membranes and are often associated with adipocytes, smooth muscle, nerve fibers, and small blood vessels. They are particularly abundant in organs with immune and hematopoietic functions, such as the liver, spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow, where they support the microvasculature and parenchymal cells.

A

Reticular

130
Q

Reticular fibers are seldom visible in ______ preparations but are characteristically stained black after impregnation with silver salts and are thus termed argyrophilic (Gr. argyros, silver).

A

hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)

131
Q

Reticular fibers are also ______ positive, which, like argyrophilia, is due to the high content of sugar chains bound to type III collagen α chains. Reticular fibers contain up to ______% carbohydrate as opposed to 1% in most other collagen fibers.

A

periodic acid–Schiff (PAS), 10

132
Q

______ tissue is characterized by abundant fibers of type III collagen forming a delicate network that supports various types of cells.

A

Reticular

133
Q

These fibers of type III collagen is also known as ______ and is produced by modified fibroblasts often called ______ cells that remain associated
with and partially cover the fibers.

A

reticulin, reticular

134
Q

The loose disposition of glycosylated reticular fibers provides a framework with specialized microenvironments for cells in hemopoietic tissue and some ______ organs (bone marrow, lymph nodes, and spleen).

A

lymphoid

135
Q

______ (or ______) connective tissue is the principal component of the fetal umbilical cord, where it is referred to as ______.

A

Mucoid, mucous, Wharton’s jelly

136
Q

It is gelatinous, with sparse collagen fibers and scattered fibroblasts.

A

MUCOID TISSUE

137
Q

It is also similar to the tissue found in the vitreous chambers of eyes and pulp cavities of young teeth.

A

MUCOID TISSUE

138
Q

Which cell type is primarily responsible for maintaining the extracellular matrix in connective tissue?

A

Fibroblasts

139
Q

What is the primary function of macrophages in connective tissue?

A

Phagocytosis and immune defense

140
Q

What type of protein fiber serves as strength?

A

Collagen fibers

141
Q

_______ are triggered with release of chemical mediators from mast cells triggers occurring within minutes of antigen exposure in sensitized individuals.

A

Immediate hypersensitivity reactions

142
Q

What process is responsible for sending procollagen out of the cell?

A

Exocytosis

143
Q

Reticular fibers are known for their unique staining properties. Which of the following staining methods is commonly used to visualize reticular fibers, highlighting their argyrophilic nature?

A

Silver impregnation staining

144
Q

They Consist of a core protein to which are covalently attached various numbers and combinations of the sulfated GAGs.

A

Proteoglycans

145
Q

It is a common connective tissue, forming a layer beneath the epithelial lining of many organs and filling the spaces between fibers of muscle and nerve.

A

Loose connective tissue

146
Q

Which of the following describes the process that attracts specific cells, such as leukocytes, to an inflamed area?
a) Phagocytosis
b) Vasodilation
c) Chemotaxis
d) Exocytosis

A

c) Chemotaxis

147
Q

It is a gel-like connective tissue with few cells found most abundantly around blood vessels in the umbilical cord.

A

Mucoid tissue

148
Q

Defect: Faulty transcription or translation of collagen type Ill

A

Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
(Туре IV)

149
Q

Defect: Problems with lysine hydroxylation.

A

Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
(Type VI)

150
Q

Defect: Reduced procollagen peptidase activity.

A

Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
(Type VII)

151
Q

Defect: Vitamin C deficiency affecting collagen hydroxylation.

A

Scurvy

152
Q

Defect: Genetic mutation in collagen type 1.

A

Osteogenesis Imperfecta

153
Q

Symptoms: Patients suffering from vascular EDS are prone to arterial, digestive and obstetrical complications. Risk of aortic and intestinal rupture.

A

Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
(Туре IV)

154
Q

Symptoms: Increased skin elasticity and risk of eyeball rupture.

A

Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
(Type VI)

155
Q

Symptoms: Increased joint mobility and frequent dislocations.

A

Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
(Type VII)

156
Q

Symptoms: Gum ulcers and hemorrhages.

A

Scurvy

157
Q

Fragile bones and potential cardiac issues.

A

Osteogenesis Imperfecta

158
Q

A partial list of molecules released from these cells’ secretory granules includes the following:

A

Heparin, Histamine, Serine proteases, Eosinophil and neutrophil chemotactic factors, Cytokines, Phospholipid

159
Q

______ - a sulfated GAG that acts locally as an anticoagulant

A

Heparin

160
Q

______ - which promotes increased vascular permeability and smooth muscle contraction

A

Histamine

161
Q

______ - which activate various mediators of inflammation

A

Serine proteases

162
Q

______ - which attract those leukocyte

A

Eosinophil and neutrophil chemotactic factors

163
Q

______ - polypeptides directing activities of leukocytes and other cells of the immune system

A

Cytokines

164
Q

______ - which are converted to prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and other important lipid mediators of the inflammatory response

A

Phospholipid

2A Histology Midterms (6 decks)

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