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Human Bioscience > Connective tissue > Flashcards

Connective tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two basic elements of connective tissue ?

A

Extracellular matrix and cells

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2
Q

Is the connective tissue composed of cells closely packed?

A

No, unlike epithelial tissue there is a large amount of extracellular material in connective tissue.

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3
Q

What does the extracellular matrix consist of ?

A

Ground substance and fibres.

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4
Q

What are the three common characteristics of connective tissue?

A
  1. Cells
  2. Large amount of ground structure lacking shape (amorphous)
  3. Protein fibres
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5
Q

What produces the extracellular fibres ?

A

Connective tissue cells

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6
Q

What determines most of the function of the tissue?

A

The extracellular matrix

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7
Q

Is connective tissue highly vascularized ?

A

Yes, but there are exceptions such as cartilage which is avascular.
Tendons and ligaments have a small blood supply.

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8
Q

Are all connective tissue supplied with nerves ?

A

No, all are supplied with nerves except cartilage.

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9
Q

Functions of connective tissue

A
  • Connect and support other tissue
  • Protect
  • Transport fluid, nutrients, waste and chemical messengers - Store energy
  • Thermal insulation
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10
Q

From which embryonic layer does connective tissue derive from ?

A

Mesodermal layer

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11
Q

What is the first connective tissue to develop in the embryo ?

A

Mesenchyme - the stem cell line which all connective tissue later develops from

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12
Q

What embryonic connective tissue develops from the umbilical cord ?

A

Mucous connective tissue or Whartons jelly. It is no longer present after birth.

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13
Q

“blast” - suffix meaning

A

Immature class of cells. They retain the capacity for cell division and secrete the extracellular matrix.

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14
Q

“cyte” - suffix meaning

A

Mature cell. Mostly involved in monitoring and maintaining the extracellular matrix.

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15
Q

What are three types of fibers found in the extracellular matrix?

A
  1. Collagen fibers
  2. Elastic fibers
  3. Reticular fibers
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16
Q

What are the function of the fibers in the extracellular matrix ?

A

They strengthen and support the connective tissue.

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17
Q

Describe collagen fiber

A

Very strong and resist pulling forces (tension). Not stiff, allow flexibility. Collagen fibers often occur in parallel bundle. The bundle arrangements provide tensile strength. Consist of protein collogen.

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18
Q

Where are collagen fibers mostly found ?

A

Bone, cartilage, tendons (muscle to bone) and ligaments (bone to bone).

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19
Q

Describe elastic fibers.

A

Smaller in diameter than collagen fibers. Brain and join together to form a fibrous network within a connective tissue. Consists of the protein elastin, surrounded by glycoprotein, fibrillin - adds strength and stability. Strong but can be stretched. Have the ability to return to their original shape.

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20
Q

Where are elastic fibers mostly found ?

A

Skin, blood vessel walls and lung tissue.

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21
Q

Describe reticular fibers

A

Consist of collogen, arranged in fine bundle with a coating of glycoprotein. Produce by fibroblasts. Much thinner than collogen and form a branch network. Provide strength and support. These fibers also help form the basement membrane.

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22
Q

Where can reticular fibers be found ?

A

Soft organs - spleen and lymph nodes. Also, blood vessels.

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23
Q

What are the three overarching classification of connective tissue ?

A
  1. Connective tissue proper
  2. Supportive connective issue
  3. Fluid connective tissue
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24
Q

What are the subcategories of connective tissue proper ?

A
  1. Loose connective tissue
  2. Dene connective tissue
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25
Q

What are the types of loose connective tissue?

A
  • Areolar
  • Adipose
  • Reticular
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26
Q

What are the types of dense connective tissue ?

A
  • Dense regular
  • Dense irregular
  • Elastic
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27
Q

What are the subcategories of supportive connective tissue ?

A

Cartilage:
- Hyaline
- Fibrocartilage
- Elastic
Bone

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28
Q

What are the types of fluid connective tissue ?

A
  • Blood
  • Lymph
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29
Q

Which cell is present in all connective tissue proper ?

A

Fibroblasts

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30
Q

Which cells are fixed cells in connective tissue ?

A

Fibrocytes, adipocytes and mesenchymal cells.

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31
Q

What do fibroblasts do ?

A

Secrete polysaccharides and proteins, which combine with extracellular fluids to produce a viscous grand substance which contain fibrous proteins.

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32
Q

What is the mature version of fibroblasts ?

A

Fibrocyte

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33
Q

What are adipocytes ?

A

Cells that store lipids as droplets that fill most of the cytoplasm.

34
Q

What types of adipocytes are there?

A

White and brown

35
Q

What is white adipocytes ?

A

Store lipids as a single drop and metabolically less active.
Effectiveness seen at obese individuals.

36
Q

What is brown adipocytes ?

A

Store lipids as many droplets and have a high metabolic activity.

37
Q

What does loose connective tissue do ?

A

Absorb shock and bind tissues together. Allows water, salts and various nutrients to diffuse through to adjacent or imbedded cells and tissues.

38
Q

What is adipose tissue ?

A

Type of loose connective tissue.
- Mostly fat storage cells, little extracellular matrix
- Has a large number of capillaries allowing rapid storage and mobilization of lipid molecules
- Most abundant adipose
- Serves as insulation from cold temperature and mechanical injuries

39
Q

What can white adipose tissue be found protecting ?

A

Kidneys and cushioning the back of the eye

40
Q

What is brown adipose tissue ?

A

Type of connective tissue
- More common infants
- In adults there is a reduced amount of brown fat
- the numerous mitochondria explain the its efficiency in metabolizing fat
- thermogenic

41
Q

Which adipose has numerous mitochondria to enable high metabolic activity ?

A

Brown adipose

42
Q

Does an obese person have more blood vessels?

A

Yes, in their adipose tissue - potentially causing high blood pressure.

43
Q

Aerolar tissue

A

Type of loose connective tissue
- shows little specialization
- Cell types and fibers are distributed in a random, web like fiber
- Fills space between muscle fibers, surrounds blood and lymph vessels, supports organs in the abdominal cavity
- Underlines most epithelial tissue
- represents the connective tissue component of the epithelial membrane

44
Q

Function of areolar connective tissue ?

A

Strength, elasticity and support

45
Q

What is reticular tissue ?

A

Type of loose connective tissue
- mesh like, supportive framework
- Soft organs such as lymphatic tissue, the spleen and the liver.
- Produce reticular fibers that form a network onto which other cells can attach

46
Q

What differs dense connective tissue to loose connective tissue ?

A

Dense connective tissue has more collagen. Hence, it has a greater resistance to stretching. It has more fibers and there more densely packed but less cells.

47
Q

What dense regular connective tissue ?

A

The fibers are parallel to each other. It has greater tensile strength and resistance to stretching in the direction of the fiber orientation.

48
Q

Physical description of dense regular connective tissue ?

A

Shiny white extracellular matrix.
Collagen fibers regularly arranged in bundles with fibroblasts in row between them.

49
Q

Why do tendons and ligaments heal slowly ?

A

Collogen fibers are non living so they heal slowly.

50
Q

What are tendons

A

Type of dense regular connective tissue. Attach muscle to bone.

51
Q

What are ligaments?

A

Attach bone to bone.

52
Q

What are examples of dense regular connective tissue ?

A

Ligaments and tendons
* in ligaments fibers parallel

53
Q

What is dense regular elastic tissue ?

A

It contains elastic fibers in addition to the collogen fibers. The elastic fibers allow it to return to original shape after stretching. Regular as fibers are parallel to each other.

54
Q

What are examples of dense regular elastic connective tissue ?

A

The ligaments in the vocal folds and between the vertebral column.

55
Q

What is dense irregular connective tissue ?

A

The direction of the fibers are random.
Gives the tissue strength in all directions and less strength in one direction.
- can form mesh = crisscross
- alternating layers

56
Q

Example of dense irregular tissue ?

A

Dermis of the skin.

57
Q

What gives arterial walls the strength and ability to regain original shape after stretching ? (what tissue type)

A

Dense irregular elastic connective tissue

58
Q

What are cartilage ?

A

Dense network of collagen fibers and elastic fibers in chondroitin sulphate. Can endure more stress than dense and loose connective tissue.

59
Q

What results in the strength of cartilage ?

A

Collagen fibers

60
Q

What results in the resilience of cartilage ?

A

Chondroitin sulphate

61
Q

How does cartilage differ from other connective tissue ?

A

It does not have nerves or blood vessels in it extracellular matrix.

62
Q

What are the cells of mature cartilage ?

A

Chondrocytes. They occur singly or in groups within spaces called lacunae.

63
Q

Why does cartilage heal poorly after injury ?

A

It does not have blood supply.

64
Q

What encapsulates cartilage ?

A

Perichondrium - dense irregular connective tissue. it contains nerve and blood vessels. It is a source of new cartilage cells.

65
Q

What type of connective tissue is a precursor for bone?

A

Cartilage

66
Q

What are the three main types of cartilage tissue ?

A
  • Hyaline
  • Fibrocartilage
  • Elastic
67
Q

What is hyaline cartilage ?

A

Most common type of cartilage in the body
- Consists of short and dispersed collagen fibers
- Contains a large amount of proteoglycans
- Strong and flexible

68
Q

Appearance of hyaline cartilage

A

Smooth

69
Q

Where is hyaline cartilage found ?

A
  • Rib cage
  • Nose
  • Covers nose where they meet to form joins
  • plate of hyaline cartilage at ends of the bone allow continued growth to adulthood.
  • forms template of embryonic skeleton
70
Q

What is fibrocartilage ?

A
  • Tough
  • Thick bundles of collagen dispersed through matrix
  • Don’t have a perichondrium
71
Q

Examples of fibrocartilage ?

A

Menisci in the knee joint and in the intervertebral discs.

72
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

Contains elastic fibers alongside collagen and proteoglycans.
- Gives rigid support as well as elasticity.

73
Q

What contains cartilage ?

A

Ear lobe

74
Q

Bone

A
  • Hardest connective tissue
    -Protection of internal organs and supports the body
  • rigid extracellular matrix contains mostly collagen fibers embedded in a mineralizes ground substance containing hydroxyapatite
  • organic and inorganic contribute to unusual properties of the bone
  • Highly vascularized
75
Q

What is hydroxyapatite ?

A

A form of calcium phosphate

76
Q

What would occur to bones without collagen ?

A

They would be brittle and shatter easily.

77
Q

What would happen to bones without mineral crystal ?

A

Bones would flex and provide little support.

78
Q

What is located in the lacunae of bones cells ?

A

Osteocytes

79
Q

Can bone tissue recover from injuries in a short time or long time ?

A

Short time, they are highly vascualrised.

80
Q

Fluid connective tissues

A

Blood and lymph..

Human Bioscience (6 decks)

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