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Histology > Connective tissue > Flashcards

Connective tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Connective tissues are ……………. In origin

A

Mesodermal

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2
Q

Characteristics of connective tissues include;

A
  • Usually have a good blood supply
  • They compose of non-living extracellular matrix surrounding living cells
  • Have good tensile strength; ability to stretch and recoil.
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3
Q

………….. cells appear temporarily in response to injury or infection

A

Wandering cells

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4
Q

Major functions of CT include;

A
  • Binding and support
  • Protection
  • Insulation
  • Transport of substances
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5
Q

Connective tissues are composed of;

A
  • Fixed, and wandering cells
  • Extracellular matrix; protein fibers, ground substances
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6
Q

Fibroblasts are derived from …………?

A

undifferentiated mesenchymal cells.

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7
Q

…………. synthesise the protein fibre and components of the ground substance?

A

Fibroblast

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8
Q

What are the three types of protein present in the extracellular matrix of the CT

A

Collagen fiber
Elastic fiber
Reticular fiber

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9
Q

What’s the distribution of collagen fibres?

A

Found in the skin, tendon, ligaments, bone, and cartilage

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10
Q

The subunit of the collagen fiber is a protein known as ……………….?

A

tropocollagen.

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11
Q

What is the composition of tropocollagen?

A

3 alpha chains intertwined about each other.

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12
Q

Collagen fibres stain …………?

A

Pink

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13
Q

What’s the distribution of reticular fibres?

A

liver, kidneys, lymph nodes, spleen, thymus and bone marrow

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14
Q

Define ground substance

A

Amorphous gelatinous material that house the protein fiber in the EM

They serve as a medium through which nutrients and other substances can diffuse between blood vessels and the cells.

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15
Q

What are ground substance composed of?

A

Composed of water and large organic molecules, such as GAGs,proteoglycans, and glycoproteins

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16
Q

What are GAGs?

A

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are polysaccharides that trap water, giving the ground substances a gel-like texture

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17
Q

Outline the features of the components of ground substance

A

Glycosaminoglycans (GAG)
- linear (unbranched) polysaccharides, e.g. heparan sulfate, condroitin sulfate, keratan sulfate, hyaluronic acid
- very hydrophilic due to abundant negative charges (e.g. SO4- groups).
- except for hyaluronic acid, are usually bound covalently to protein core as part of a proteoglycan

Proteoglycans
- core protein + GAG side chains (like a bottle brush)
- bind cells, other proteins, and/or ECM components

Multiadhesive glycoproteins
- small glycosylated proteins containing NUMEROUS binding sites to cells, signaling molecules, and other ECM components
- examples include fibronectin and laminin: important for adhesion of epithelial cells to the basal lamina via transmembrane integrin receptors.

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18
Q

Name the supporting tissues

A

Bone, and cartilages

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19
Q

Classify ‘connective tissue proper’

A

General connective tissues
- loose CT
- Dense CT

Specialized connective tissue
- Elastic
- Reticular
- Adipose tissue
- Embryonic tissue
- Mesenchyme
- mucous

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20
Q

Where are loose areolar CT found?

A
  • Respiratory and urinary tracts
  • beneath dermis of skin
  • Digestive tract
  • between muscles
  • around blood vessels
  • Nerve
  • around joints.
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21
Q

List the functions of loose areolar CT

A
  • Cushions organs
  • Provide support but permits independent movement
  • Phagocytic cells provide defense against pathogens
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22
Q

A shot note on CT

A

Connective tissues are supportive, protective, binding and connecting tissues distributed everywhere in the body , there are made up of cells and extacellular matrix which developed from the embryonic mesenchymal cell of the mesoderm. They are very essential for life, forming an integral part of survival of the cell.

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23
Q

Apart from being disorders associated with CT, what do Granulomatosis with polyangiitis, Microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) and Churg-Strauss syndrome have in common?

A

They are characterised by the inflammation of blood vessels.

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24
Q

What causes Marfan syndrome?

A

Marfan syndrome is caused by a mutation in a gene called FBN1. The mutation limits the body’s ability to make proteins needed to build connective tissue.

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25
Q

A note on Polymyositis and dermatomyositis

A

Polymyositis and dermatomyositis are connective tissue disorders. These are types of myositis, which is the name for a group of conditions that cause weak, aching, and painful muscles. These diseases affect the body’s tendons, ligaments, and the collagen-based tissue that covers muscle ends.

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26
Q

What causes microscopic polyangiitis?

A

Microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) is a rare condition that results from blood vessel inflammation.

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27
Q

What is lupus?

A

An inflammatory disease caused when the immune system attacks its own tissues

28
Q

An overview on Churg-Strauss syndrome

A

Churg-Strauss syndrome is a disorder marked by blood vessel inflammation. This inflammation can restrict blood flow to organs and tissues, sometimes permanently damaging them

29
Q

What is granulomatosis with polyangiitis?

A

Granulomatosis with polyangiitis is an uncommon disorder that causes inflammation of the blood vessels in the nose, sinuses, throat, lungs and kidneys.

30
Q

What is scleroderma?

A

A chronic hardening and contraction of the skin and connective tissue, either locally or throughout the body.

31
Q

What is the distribution of fibrocartilage?

A

Intervertebral discs
Pubic symphysis
Discs of knee joint

32
Q

Where is adipose tissue usually found?

A

Deep to the skin, especially at sides; buttocks, breasts, padding around eyes and kidneys.

33
Q

Mention the functions of adipose tissue

A
  • Provides padding and cushions shocks
  • Insulation (reduces heat loss)
  • Store energy reserves.
34
Q

Reticular fibres are distributed in ……………?

A

Liver
Kidney
Bone marrow
Thymus
Lymph node
Spleen.

35
Q

What is the major function of reticular fibres

A

Fiber forms soft internal skeleton (stroma) that support other cell types including white blood, mast cell and macrophages.

36
Q

Outline characteristics of dense CT

A
  • Characterized by close parking of fibers
  • Has fewer cells and less amorphous ground substance
  • In most region collagen are the principal fibers but in few ligaments elastic fibers predominate
  • Dense connective tissue can divided into regular dense and irregular dense
37
Q

Dense irregular connective tissues are characterised by;

A
  • Interlacing fibers which form a coarse tough felt work
  • Little GS and cells among the fiber; collagen, elastic and reticular fiber
    -Principal cells- fibroblast
38
Q

Dense irregular connective tissues are located in;

A
  • Capsules of organs or joints
  • Dermis of skin
  • Submucosa of GIT
  • Periosteum
  • Perichondrium
39
Q

What is the function of dense irregular CT?

A

Provide structural strength, able to withstand tension exerted in any direction.

40
Q

Dense regular CT are found in?

A
  • Tendons
  • Ligaments
  • Aponeurosis
41
Q

Dense regular CT function by?

A

Attaching muscles to bones or to muscles, bones to bones, withstand great tensile stress from any direction.

42
Q

Describe dense regular CT

A

Densely park fibers that lies parallel to each other forming structures of great tensile strength. Collagen* and Elastic fiber. Major cell type- fibroblast

43
Q

What is mesenchyme?

A

The first connective tissues to appear in developing embryo-tissue. They give rise to other connective tissues

44
Q

Mucous CT are also called …………..

A

Wharton’s jelly

45
Q

Mucous CT and mesenchyme are both ………….

A

Embryonic connective tissues

46
Q

Mucous CT is a loose connective tissue present in the ………

A

Umbilical chord

47
Q

Describe bone (osseous tissue)

A

They are hard, calcified matrix containing many collagen fibers; osteocytes lie in lacunae, and are very well vascularized .

48
Q

What are the functions of osseous tissues

A
  • Supports and protects by enclosing
  • Provides levers for the muscles to act on
  • Stores calcium and other minerals and fat
  • Marrow inside bones is the site for blood cell formation (hematopoiesis)
49
Q

Describe hyaline

A

Amorphous but firm matrix; collagen fibers form an imperceptible network, chondroblasts produce the matrix and when mature lie in lacunae

50
Q

Functions of hyaline include;

A
  • Supports and reinforce
  • Serves as resilient cushion
  • Resists compressive stress.
51
Q

What is the distribution of hyalin

A
  • Forms most of the embryonic skeleton
  • Covers the ends of long bones in joint cavities
  • Form costal cartilages of ribs
  • Cartilages of the nose, trachea, and larynx.
52
Q

Describe elastic cartilage

A

Similar to hyaline cartilage, but more elastic fibers in matrix

53
Q

Where can elastic cartilage be found?

A
  • Epiglottis
  • Supports the external ear
54
Q

What’s the function of elastic cartilage?

A

Maintains the shape of a substance while allowing great flexibility

55
Q

What collagen is found in all basement membranes?

A

Collagen IV, they help in support and filteration

56
Q

What collagen is associated with type I and II fibrils?

A

Collagen VI and IX
They function in fibril-fibril, fibril-ECM binding

57
Q

What collagen is found in the epithelia?

A

Collagen VII, they help in connecting the epidermis to basal lamina

58
Q

………….. is the most abundant fibril-forming collagen

A

Collagen I

59
Q

Where is collagen I found?

A

Skin, tendon, bone, dentin

60
Q

What is the function of collagen I?

A

Resistance to tension

61
Q

What collagen is found in the cartilage and vitreous of the eye, and what is its function?

A

Collagen II. It functions in resistance to pressure

62
Q

Reticulin, collagen III is found in ……………

A

Skin, muscle, blood vessels, liver.

63
Q

Examples of the FACITs

A

VI, IX

64
Q

……………… is an example of anchoring collagens?

A

Collagen VII

65
Q

………… is a network-forming collagen

A

Collagen IV

66
Q

Mention some fibril-forming collagens

A

Collagen I, II, III

Histology (8 decks)

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