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Histology Exam 1 > Connective Tissue > Flashcards

Connective Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What does connective tissue provide? What does it carry? What does it mediate? What is it derived from?

A

provides: structural support and metabolic support for other tissues and organs
carries: blood vessels, function in tissue repair
mediates: exchange of nutrients/metabolites/waste products between tissue and circulation
derived: mesodermal mesenchyme

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2
Q

What is mesenchyme?

A

contains stellate to spinde-shaped cells, jelly-like extracellular matrix, and occasional fibers

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3
Q

What does mature connective tissue contain?

A

cells and extracellular material secreted by cells

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4
Q

What are the cells of connective tissue?

A

fibroblasts, reticular cells, and adipocytes

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5
Q

What are fibroblasts? What do they synthesize? What are myofibroblasts?

A

pointed, elongate, spindle-shaped cells
synthesize and maintain proteinaceous ground substance and connective tissue fibers
fibroblasts with contractile ability called myofibroblasts
they are mature cells

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6
Q

What are reticular cells? What do they synthesize?

A

of lymph nodes and bone marrow
look like branched fibroblasts
synthesize reticular fibers (made of reticulin) may have phagocytic function

ONLY need reticular cells when you need to sythesize lots of reticular fibers

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7
Q

What are adipocytes?

A

responsible for storage and metabolism of lipids
generally large, balloon-shaped clear spaces filled with lipids

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8
Q

What is ground substance? What is embedded in it?

A

extracellular organic matrix
various fibers embedded within matrix (collagen, reticulin, and elastin)
ex: scar tissue is mostly collagen

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9
Q

Type 1 collagen fiber facts

A

90% of collagen in body
loose and dense connective tissue of skin, tendons, ligaments, bone and fibrocartilage

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10
Q

What is type 2 collagen?

A

hyaline cartilage (less bubbles) and elastic cartilage (more bubbles)

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11
Q

What is type 3 collagen?

A

reticulin fibers, thin, branching, net-like fibers that stain black.
form structural support in organs
produced by reticular cells in lymph nodes and bone marrow and fibroblasts

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12
Q

What does argyrophilic mean? Example of it.

A

stains black with silver stain
type 3 collagen

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13
Q

What is type 4 collagen?

A

found in basement membrane, doesnt form fibers

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14
Q

What is type 5 collagen?

A

cornea, placenta, demo-epidermal junctions

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15
Q

What is collagenopathy? What is an example of it?

A

something is wrong with collagen
Ehlers-Danlos snydrome = affects type 5 collagen. Characterized by hyperextension of joints, skin fragility, and poor wound healing

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16
Q

How is collagen synthesized?

A

synthesized as pro collagen, composed of 3 alpha-polypeptide chains form triple helix
packed into secretory vesicles and secreted into ECS
then extracellular enzymatic modification to form tropocollagen monomers
polymerization of tropocollagen into larger bundles results in final formation of collagen microfibrils

17
Q

What is collagen?

A

glycoproteinsl precursor protein produced by fibroblasts

18
Q

What are elastic fibers? What are they synthesized by?

A

highly branched; random coiling pattern allows stretching, arranged in fibers and sheets, refractive
fibroblasts as tropoelastin precursor; polymerizes in ECM to form elastin

19
Q

What are the two components of elastic fibers?

A

elastin: protein core similar to collagen
fibrillin: microfibrils that surround elastin
(stain black or blue)

20
Q

What is Marfan’s syndrome?

A

autosomal dominant condition resulting in abnormal elastic fibers
characterized by tall stature, long limbs, and long, thin fingers
enlarged aorta

21
Q

What are structural glycoproteins?

A

fibrillin and fibronectin
large polypeptides with branched polysaccharide side chains

22
Q

What is fibronectin?

A

glycoprotein
found in basement membrane, aids in adhesion between cell membranes, and extracellular matrix, via interaction of adhesion molecules known as integrins

23
Q

What is laminin?

A

sulfated glycoprotein; major component of basement membrane, produced by most epithelial and endothelial cells

24
Q

What is enactin?

A

sulfated glycoproteinl binds with laminin

25
Q

What is tenascin?

A

binds cell to extracellular matrix; thought to be important in cell migration in developing nervous system

26
Q

What are GAGs? What are the types?

A

glycoaminoglycans
hyaluronic acid - found in most connective tissue
chondrotin sulfate - found in cartilage and bone
keratan sulfate - found in cartilage, bone, cornea, and intervertebral disc
dermatan sulfate - found in dermis of skin, blood vessels, and heart valves
heparan sulfate - found in basement membrane, lung and liver

27
Q

Facts about glycosaminoglycans

A

GAGs don’t compact well bc they are large
negatively charged due to sulfate and carboxyl side groups
ground substance mostly GAGs
reinforced with fibrous proteins

28
Q

Facts about hyaluronic acid

A

predominant GAG in loose connective tissuelacks sulfated side groups
several thousand sugars long
does not form proteoglycans itself, but can bind with them
pathogenic bacteria produce hyaluronidase to destroy ground substance barrier and faciliate their spread

29
Q

What are the forms of connective tissue?

A

Loose (areolar) connective tissue
Dense connective tissue (regular and irregular)
Adipose tissue

30
Q

What is loose areolar connective tissue? What is its function? Where is it located?

A

sparse fibers and abundant ground substance
supportive function
located beneath epithelia and around nerves and vessels

31
Q

What is dense connective tissue?

A

Provides structural support - abundant fibers, moderate number of cells, lesser ground substance

Regular - collagen fibers oriented parallel to each other, densely packed, arranged in fascicles (wavy appearance, uniform flow)

Irregular - collagen fibers oriented randomly, moderate number of fibers and few cells (more pink than white stain)

32
Q

What is adipose tissue? What is its function?

A

contains adipocytes
fat energentically really active
rich blood supply - high metabolic turnover
functions in energy storage, thermoregulation, and as shock absorber

33
Q

What is specialized connective tissue?

A

bone, blood, cartilage, adipose tissue, hematopoietic tissue, and lymphatic tissue

34
Q

What is unilocular adipose tissue? What do they contain?

A

white fat distributed in dermis and around intraperitoneal organs
contains triglycerides
20% body weight in males, 25% in females

35
Q

What is multilocular adipose tissue? Where are they located? What are they used for?

A

highly specialized, present in infants, and hibernating animals

used in thermoregulation to maintain body temp

located in adrenal glands
large numbers of mitochondria to generate heat

Histology Exam 1 (6 decks)

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