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Histology Exam 1 > CNS > Flashcards

CNS Flashcards

1
Q

What are meninges composed of?

A

singular meninx = composed of specialized epithelial cells (meningothelial cells)

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2
Q

What are meninges supported by? What is their function? Where are they confined to?

A

connective tissue
protective function
confined to outer layer of brain and cord in CNS

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3
Q

what are the layers of the meninges?

A

dura mater
arachnoid mater
pia mater

(superficial to deep)

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4
Q

What is dura mater made up of? Where is dura in the cranium and where it is in spinal cord?

A

thick layer of dense connective tissue, internally lined by mesothelium

cranium = fused with periosteum of skull
spinal cord = surrounded by epidural space

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5
Q

What is the subarachnoid space lined by? What does it do? What does it contain?

A

flattened mesothelial cells
separates arachnoid from pia mater
contains CSF and is continous with ventricles of brain

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6
Q

What is pia mater adhered to?

A

surface of brain and cord - highly vascularized

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7
Q

pia + arachnoid =

A

leptomeninges (thin/delicate)

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8
Q

What are denticulate ligaments? What do they do?

A

support cord, extend from pia, anchor cord to arachnoid, dura, and periosteum

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9
Q

What are neurons in the CNS derived from?

A

neuroectodermal cells of neural tube

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10
Q

The brain and cord contain gray and white matter - where are those located and what do they contain?

A

peripheral gray matter contains neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and axons

central white matter contains mostly myelinated axons

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11
Q

What are neuroglia? Features of them?

A

large number of support cells in CNS

highly branched, provide structural and metabolic support for neurons

provide structural and metabolic support and aid in tissue repair following injury

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12
Q

What are oligodendrocytes?

A

CNS equivalent of Schwann cells, elaborate myelin sheaths
myelinating cells of the central nervous system

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13
Q

What are astrocytes?

A

most highly branched; largest neuroglia cells (packaging)
star shape

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14
Q

What are microglia?

A

phagocytic fixed-tissue macrophage
part of monocyte-microphage lineage
smallest neuroglial cells
originally mesodermal, have immune function

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15
Q

What are the types of neuroglia?

A

oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells

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16
Q

What are ependymal cells?

A

cuboidal epithelium lining ventricles and central canal of spinal cord
frequently ciliated, microvilli for reabsorbtion of CSF

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17
Q

What is the choroid plexus? What does it do? What does it contain?

A

highly vascularized structure arising from walls of ventricles in brain
CSF secreted by choroid plexus
contains modified ependymal cells which secrete CSF; fluid acts like shock absorber

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18
Q

What is the cerebrum? How is it organized? What is it composed of?

A

aka cerebral cortex
in mammals, neocortex evolved to include sensory, motor, and association areas
in humans, 90% of cortex is neocortex
grossly organized into folds = gyro
cerebral cortex composed of gray matter peripherally; contains large # of neuron cell bodies

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19
Q

What are nuclei?

A

clusters of neuron cell bodies form small islands of gray matter in cerebrum and cerebellum

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20
Q

Neuroglial cells in gray matter include:
Neuroglial cells in white matter include:

A

gray: astrocytes, microglial cells
white: myelinated axons surrounded by oligodendrocytes

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21
Q

What are tracts?

A

axons leading in and out of gray matter grouped in bundles

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22
Q

What is white matter? Where is it located?

A

makes up medulla
deep to cortex

23
Q

How are cortical neurons arranged?

A

neurons of neocortex divided into five morphological categories
anatomically, divided into six layers
functionally arranged in vertical columns or units

24
Q

What are the cortical neurons?

A

pyramidal cells, stellate (granule) cells, cells of martinotti, fusiform cells, and horizontal cells of Cajal

25
Q

What are pyramid cells?

A

pyramid-shaped neurons with long, slender axons, varying in size from small to large
largest include upper motor neurons in motor cortex called Betz cells

26
Q

What are stellate cells?

A

(granule) small star-shaped neurons with short axons and dendrites

27
Q

What are cells of Martinotti?

A

small neurons with long, horizontal axons

28
Q

What are fusiform cells?

A

vertically oriented, spindle-shaped neurons with vertical axons

29
Q

What are horizontal cells of Cajal?

A

horizontally oriented, spindle-shaped neurons with horizontal axons

least common type of neuron, found only in superficial layer

30
Q

What is the cerebellum? What does it do? How is it organized?

A

coordinates muscular activity, posture, and equilibrium

grossly organized into folds, or folia, with central medulla of white matter, contains mostly oligodendrocytes and myelinated axons

31
Q

What are the outer cerebellar cortex layers?

A

Outer molecular layer = contains few neurons and large numbers of unmyelinated axons

inner granular layer = highly cellular, very basophilic - contains large number of neuroglial cells and small neurons called granule cells

32
Q

What are purkinje cells? What do they separate? What do they specialize in?

A

a nerve cell of a large, branched type found in the cortex of the cerebellum

separate molecular and granular layers

function in coordination and equilibrium

33
Q

What is the structure of the spinal cord?

A

similar structure throughout; prominent ventral median fissure

34
Q

What does the central canal contain? What is it lined with?

A

contains CSF, lined by ependymal cells, continous with ventricles of brain

35
Q

How is the gray and white matter arranged in the spinal cord?

A

Unlike the brain, gray matter is located centrally, and white matter peripherally

36
Q

What does the gray matter of the spinal cord contain?

A

neuron cell bodies and axons
2 dorsal horns and 2 ventral horns
connected by thin central commissure

37
Q

What do dorsal horns contain? What do ventral horns contain?

A

afferent (sensory) nerve tracts
dorsal n roots form lateral extensions of dorsal horns of gray matter

cell bodies of somatic sensory neurons lie in dorsal root ganglia of spinal nerves

efferent (motor) nerve cell bodies - innervate skeletal muscles

38
Q

What does the white matter of the spinal cord contain?

A

ascending and descending fiber tracts called columns
mostly myelinated axons, carry sensory and motor data

39
Q

What is the PNS response to injury?

A

connective tissue scar and schwann cells form bridge between severed ends of nerve

40
Q

If the gap of injuried nerve is not too big, regeneration of axon is possible. What are the steps?

A

1 = Schwann cells multiply to physically bridge gap
2 = nerve axon sprouts neurites from proximal stump
3 = neurites grow into distal stump; contact reestablishes function

if too damaged = axon may need to regrow its entire length - may take weeks to months

41
Q

What is anterograde (Wallerian) degeneration?

A

portion of axon distal to point of injury degenerated due to interruption of axonal transport (nutrient synthesis occurs in cell body, transport down axon)

42
Q

What is chromatolysis?

A

cell body of an injured neuron also swells, becomes brightly eosinophilicm loses Nissl substance

43
Q

What is retrograde degeneration?

A

when injury is too severe and death of cell body

44
Q

What is the CNS response to injury?

A

oligodendrocytes less efficient than Schwann cells; instead, neuroglial cells multiply
scar tissue proliferation from glial cells prevents regeneration, physically blocks contact between cell body and axon
neurons terminally differentiated; unable to be replaced
ex: ALS or Lou Gehrig’s disease = also due to death of motor neurons controlling voluntary muscles

45
Q

What is meningitis?

A

inflammation of meninges; may be bacterial or viral

46
Q

What is encephalitis? What is myelitis?

A

inflammation of the brain
inflammation of spinal cord

47
Q

What are examples of mixed involvements of inflammation?
What are the symptoms?

A

encephalomyelitis (brain and cord)
meningoencephalitis (meninges and brain)
vary - from mild headaches to paralysis, debilitation and death

48
Q

What are the two types of meningitis?

A

viral and bacterial
viral = transient lymphocytic infiltrate
bacterial = neutrophilic infiltrate and may be life-threatening

49
Q

What is polio?

A

poliovirus affects alpha-motor neurons of ventral horn of spinal cord = poliomyelitis
lower motor neuron paralysis and subsequent muscle atrophy
eradicated due to invention of salk vaccine

50
Q

What is parkinson’s disease?

A

neurodegenerative disease characterized by muscular tremor due to death of neurons in substantia nigra

decrease production of dopamine in brain
adminstration of L-dopa for cure

51
Q

What is alzheimer’s disease?

A

form of dementia characterized by neural plaques and fibrillary tangles within cortex

52
Q

What is multiple sclerosis?

A

(MS) an autoimmune, inflammatory, demyelinating disease of CNS
antibodies destroy myelin sheaths around axons = plaque formation
usually affects women betwern ages of 20-40 years old
symptoms vary with location of affected neurons and degree of demyelination
often multiple episodes, with partial resolution in between

53
Q

What is Guillan-Barre syndrome?

A

immune-mediated demyelination in PNS
often initiated by infection = progressive weakness in peripheral muscles

Histology Exam 1 (6 decks)

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