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Histology > Connective Tissue > Flashcards

Connective Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What are the four types of bone cells derived from mesenchyme?

A

1) Osteoprogenitor cells
2) Osteoblasts - secrete osteoid and mineralize it
3) Bone-lining cells - periosteum and endosteum
4) Osteocytes - maintain bone matrix

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2
Q

What are osteoclasts?

A
  • Derived from monocyte lineage
  • Break down bone and maintain blood calcium levels
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3
Q

What are two classifications of bone tissue?

A

1) Compact (cortical) bone - at the surface of bone
2) Spongy (cancellous or trabecular) bone - deep to surface, surrounds open spaces

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4
Q

How are bones classified by their shape?

A
  • Long
  • Short
  • Flat
  • Irregular
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5
Q

What are sesamoid bones?

A

Bone, such as patellae, that develop within tendons due to friction

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6
Q

All bones have a ____ of spongy bone, and a ____ of compact bone.

A

All bones have a medulla of spongy bone, and a cortex of compact bone.

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7
Q

CT consists of both….

A

Cells and extracellular matrix

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8
Q

ECM consists of ______ and ______.

A

Protein fibres and ground substance

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9
Q

Which component of CT determines its characteristics?

A

The ECM

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10
Q

Ground substance consists of _____ and _____.

A

Organic molecules and tissue fluid

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11
Q

Ordinary CT consists of cells called _____.

A

Fibrocytes

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12
Q

What are the two types of protein fibres found in CT?

A

1) Collagen fibres
2) Elastic fibres

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13
Q

What is collagen?

A
  • Most abundant protein in body
  • Flexible, large, inelastic protein with great tensile strength
  • Consists of three polypeptide α-chains coiled into a triple helix
  • Different types of collagen are formed based on combinations of α-chains
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14
Q

Describe the 5 types of collagen.

A

Type I: most common, strongest, dominates ordinary CT and bone
Type II: finer, cartilage specific
Type III: very fine, forms reticular fibres that support liver, bone marrow and lymph node tissues
Type IV: non-fibular, forms a meshwork in the BM for anchorage
Type VII: forms anchoring fibrils which bind the BM to type I and type II collagen in the underlying CT

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15
Q

What are elastic fibres in CT?

A
  • Composed of elastin embedded in fibrillin microfibrils
  • Fibrillin acts as a scaffold that organizes elastin into a fibrillation form
  • Allows ordinary CT to be resilient (bounce back after stretch)
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16
Q

Ground substance resists….

A

Compression

17
Q

Tissue fluid is derived from…

A

Blood

18
Q

The right lymphatic duct drains lymph…

A

From the right side of the head and neck, the right arm and the right thorax, into the right subclavian vein

19
Q

The thoracic duct drains lymph…

A

From the left side of the body and lower limbs into the left subclavian vein

20
Q

The two classes of organic molecules found in ground substance are…

A

1) Proteoglycans
2) Adhesive glycoproteins

21
Q

What are proteoglycans?

A
  • Organic component of ground substance, along with adhesive glycoproteins
  • Consists of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), which are polysaccharides that link to a core protein
  • Negatively charged and intensely hydrophilic
22
Q

Basement membrane contains…

A

Collagen type IV and VII, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins

23
Q

What is the function of mesenchymal cells?

A
  • Fixed cells in CT
  • Multipotent stem cells that can differentiate into different cells types
24
Q

What is loose areolar CT?

A
  • A type of loose CT
  • Least specialized and has all cell and fibre types
  • Consists of mostly ground substance
  • Can be found in superficial fascia, between muscles, BVs, laminate propria underlying digestive epithelium
25
Q

What is dense irregular CT?

A
  • Largely made of collagen type I fibres arranged in a meshwork sheet
  • Relatively little GS, cells, and cell types (mostly fibrocytes)
  • Forms periosteum, perichondrium, organ capsules, joint capsules, GI submucosa, reticular layer of dermis
26
Q

What is dense regular CT?

A
  • Conmposed largely of collagen type I fibres arranged in parallel arrays
  • Imparts tensile strength in only one direction
  • Relatively little cells, GS and cell types (mostly fibrocytes)
  • Found in tendons, aponeuroses, and ligaments
27
Q

What is reticular CT?

A
  • Dominated by reticular fibres, or collagen type III
  • Forms an extensive network called the stroma (scaffolding) which houses parenchyma, or functional cells
  • Found in the liver, kidneys, spleen, lymph nodes, smooth muscle, and bone marrow
28
Q

What is adipose tissue?

A
  • Specialized CT proper
  • Composed mostly of adipocytes in a reticular stroma
  • Highly vascular
  • Store triglycerides
  • Acts as an energy depot, thermal insulator and shock absorber
  • Abundant deep to skin, behind the eyes, and around kidneys
  • Usually found with areolar CT

Histology (4 decks)

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