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Microscopic Anatomy Unit 1 > Connective Tissue > Flashcards

Connective Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

connective tissue

A
  • tissue that forms a continuum with the other 3 major tissues to maintain a functionally integrated body
  • second basic tissue
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2
Q

function of CT

A

mostly structural

characterized on the base of its ECM

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3
Q

examples of CT

A
  • organ capsules
  • tendons and ligaments
  • areolar tissue filling spaces
  • fat
  • cartilage
  • bone
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4
Q

classification of CT

A
  • resident/fixed

- immigrant/wandering

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5
Q

development of CT

A

from embryonic mesenchyme

  • mesenchyme comes from mesoderm or NCC
  • mesenchymal cells have an oval nucleus with prominent nucleoli and a small amt of cytoplasm
  • mesenchymal cells function as stem cells in adult tissue
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6
Q

CT ECM

A
  • ground substance
  • protein fibers-elastin, collagen, reticular
  • tissue fluid
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7
Q

CT cells

A

-resident or immigrant

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8
Q

Resident CT cells

A
  • mesenchymal cells
  • fibroblasts
  • fibrocytes
  • reticular cells
  • adipocytes
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9
Q

Immigrant CT cells

A
  • macrophages
  • mast cells
  • plasma cells
  • leukocytes
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10
Q

Fibroblasts

A

most numerous and ubiquitous of all CT cells

  • synthesize and secrete the ECM including CT fibers.
  • synthetically and mitotically active
  • fibroblast has oval, euchromatic nucleus with several prominent nucleoli and a basophilic cytoplasm due to RER
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11
Q

fibrocyte

A
  • inactive/resting
  • fibrocyte is shorter and more spindle-shaped with a more heterochromatic nucleus and acidophilic cytoplasm.
  • can revert to fibroblast during tissue repair
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12
Q

myofibroblast

A

appears in adult wound healing

-shares features of a fibroblast and smooth muscle cell

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13
Q

Reticular cells

A
  • fibroblast-like cells that produce reticular fibers in hematopoietic, lymphoid, and adipose tissue
  • stellate-shaped cells with oval euchromatic nucleus that has a prominent nucleolus (idaho potato)
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14
Q

white adipose cells

A
  • adipocytes
  • specialized for lipid storage
  • called signet ring cells because a single drop of lipid displaces the nucleus and cytoplasm to the edge of the cell
  • fixed by osmium tetroxide
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15
Q

Macrophages

A
  • monocytes (from bone marrow precursors) travel in the blood and migrate into CT to form macrophages
  • the fixed macrophage is also called a histiocyte
  • smaller than fibroblasts with a heterochromatic kidney shaped nucleus and cytoplasm filled with vacuoles and granules
  • identified by injecting live animals with trypan blue (colloidal dye)
  • mono-nuclear phagocyte system
  • host defense as antigen presenting cells
  • secrete enzymes and cytokines
  • langerhans in skin, kupffer in liver
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16
Q

Mast cells

A
  • largest of the CT cells (20-30 microns in diameter)
  • cytoplasm filled with membrane-bounded basophilic granules that contain heparin, histamine, chondroitin sulfate, and ECF-A
  • involved in allergic reactions
  • frequently found around blood vessels
  • granules not fixed
  • cell surface receptors for IgE trigger degranulation by exocytosis and initiates local inflammation of allergic reactions
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17
Q

Plasma cells

A
  • differentiate from antigen-stimulated B cells
  • primary producers of immunoglobulins
  • large ovid cells
  • eccentric nucleus, abundant RER, “clock face” nucleus, clear zone near nucleus contains Golgi.
  • medulla of lymph nodes and lamina propria of the stomach and intestines
18
Q

Ground substance

A
  • viscous mixture that binds cells to CT fibers
  • consists of GAGs, proteoglycans, and multiadhesive glycoproteins (laminin and fibronectin)
  • functions are both structural and physiological
  • hormones and growth factors have reservoirs in the ground substance
19
Q

CT fibers

A

collagen, reticular, elastic

20
Q

Collagen fibers

A
  • large
  • greater than 50 nm diameter fibrils make 1-20 micron fibers
  • made of type I collagen
  • in dense regular CT-parallel and appear white in fresh tissue and stain pink
21
Q

Tropocollagen

A
  • 280nm by 1.5 nm 200kd rod composed of three peptide chains
  • Rods produce 64 nm periodicity in electron micrographs of collagen fibrils
  • fibrils associate with one another to produce fibers and bundles
22
Q

fibril forming collagens

A
  • aggregate to form fibrils visible by EM
  • Types I, II, III.
  • Type I is most widespread and abundant and resists tension and stretch
  • Type II-forms fibrils and resists pressure in hyaline cartilage
  • Type III- reticular fibers in meshworks that provide support
23
Q

Type I collagen

A
  • fibril forming
  • resists tension and stretch
  • most widespread and abundant
24
Q

Type II collagen

A
  • fibril forming

- resists pressure in hyaline cartilage

25
Q

Type III collagen

A

fibril forming

-reticular fibers in meshworks that provide support

26
Q

Reticular Fibers

A
  • small
  • less than 50 nm fibrils make 0.5-2 micron diameter fibers
  • collagen type III
  • not visible in H and E
  • stain black with silver salts due to heavy glycosylation
  • create flexible network in lymph nodes, liver, red bone marrow and spleen
  • synthesized by fibroblasts, reticular cells, Schwann cells and smooth muscle cells
27
Q

Ehlers-Danlos Type IV

A
  • type III collagen faultly

- can lead to aortic and intestinal rupture

28
Q

Type XII Collagen

A

binds type II, fibril associated

29
Q

Type IV collagen

A

form networks, BM meshwork (basal lamina)

30
Q

Type VII collagen

A

anchoring, anchors BM to collagen fibers

31
Q

Elastic fibers

A
  • elastin and fibrillin make 0.1-10 micron diameter fibers
  • rubber band properties through cross linking of amino acids
  • special stains: Picro-Orcein
  • occur in arterial walls, lung tissue, vocal ligaments, ligamenta flava in spinal column
  • no axial periodicity and abundant in elastic ligaments and arteries
32
Q

Fibers of Elastic fibers

A

oxytalan- first stage, composed partly of fibrillin
elaunin- formed as elastin is deposited between oxytalan
elastin becomes a core surrounded by microfibrils

33
Q

Marfan Syndrome

A

mutation in elastin can lead to aortic rupture and hypermobile joints

34
Q

Loose Connective Tissue

A
  • intervening spaces
  • more cellular than dense CT
  • lots of resident cells
  • found in lamina propria, mesentary, and papillary layer of the dermis
  • positioned between tissues and allows movement
35
Q

Dense Irregular CT

A
  • more fibers than cells
  • interwoven fibers
  • found in organ capsules, reticular layer of dermis and periosteum
  • fabric like arrangement
  • fibroblast (cyte) is predominant cell
36
Q

Dense Regular CT

A
  • more fibers than cells
  • fibers arranged in parallel bundles or sheets
  • found in tendons, ligaments, and trachea
  • ropelike arrangement
  • fibroblast (cyte) is predominant cell
37
Q

Reticular CT

A
  • previously called hematopoietic tissue with special properties
  • reticular cells and reticular fibers
  • creates specialized microenvironments for cells in bone marrow, lymph nodes and spleen
38
Q

Adipose tissue

A
  • CT with special properties

- two types- unilocular and multilocular

39
Q

Unilocular fat

A
  • common, yellow, white
  • single large droplet of fat
  • abundant
  • beneath skin except in eyelids, penis, scrotum, ears
  • in and around most organs
  • store FA in triglycerides and are the largest repository energy source in the body
  • thermal insulation
  • fills spaces to position organs
  • from mesenchymal lipoblasts
40
Q

Multilocular fat

A
  • brown
  • primarily in fetus
  • transforms chemical energy into heat
  • brown due to large number of capillaries and mitochondria with cytochrome c
  • also develops from lipoblasts
  • protects newborn from cold

Microscopic Anatomy Unit 1 (5 decks)

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