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Year 1 Histology > Connective tissue > Flashcards

Connective tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What is connective tissue? and where does it come from ?

A

Tissues that provide structure, strength and support

derived from embryonic mesoderm

Characterised by abundance of matrix with few cells

ECM consists of fibres and ground substance

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2
Q

What are the 3 properties of connective tissue?

A
  1. Tensile strength (collagen)
  2. Elasticity (elastin)
  3. Volume (ground substance)
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3
Q

What is the ECM made up of?

A

Fibres and ground substance and tissue fluid

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4
Q

What is the ECM produced by?

A

Fibroblasts

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5
Q

What do fibres contribute to ECM?

A

Tensile strength, elastic recoil and defined structure

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6
Q

What is ground substance made of?

A

Glycosaminoglycans and glycoproteins

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7
Q

What does ground substance contribute to ECM?

A

Hydration → Resistance to compression
10% GAGs in ECM, the rest is water so lots of spaces for diffusion
Fibre cross-linking

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8
Q

What is type I collagen?

A

Main structural collagen. forms skin, tendons, ligaments and bone

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9
Q

What is another name for type II collagen?

A

Hyaline cartilage

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10
Q

What does hyaline cartilage make up?

A

Nose and larynx

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11
Q

What does type III collagen make up?

A

Liver, bone marrow, lymphoid organs

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12
Q

What is another name for type III collagen?

A

Reticular collagen

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13
Q

What is the function of elastin fibres?

A

Allow tissues to respond to stretch and distension

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14
Q

What causes skin ageing?

A

Reduced density of collagen and elastin

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15
Q

What is the function of fibroblasts?

A

Secrete, maintain and recycle ECM

(synthesise and secrete GAGs, collagen, elastin and other ECM parts)

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16
Q

What is the main fibre in connective tissue and how is it made?

A

Collagen fibres- secreted by ECM to form tropo-collagen monomer

17
Q

What is ground substance?

A

semi-solid gel that provides volume and compression resistance

18
Q

4 tissue types

A

nerve

muscle

connective

epithelium

19
Q

what is the epithelium and its functions

A

derived from either one of the 3 germ layers (ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm)

tissue which covers or lines a surface of an organ.

has a free surface - exposed to external environment

functions:

protects underlying tissue

separates areas of body

thermoregulation

hormone release

absorption

20
Q

what is muscle tissue and where is it derived from ?

A

derived from mesoderm

composed of cells (or multinucleated syncytia) whose cytoplasm contains filaments made of contractile proteins (actin, myosin etc)

21
Q

what is nervous tissue and where is it derived from?

A

develop from neuro-ectoderm

consist of cells of which possess axons and dendrites which conduct impulses when stimulated

22
Q

Where can epithelia be found?

A

epithelia - on surfaces

endothelium - lining blood vessels

mesothelium - lining body cavities

23
Q

types of epithelium

A

simple - 1 layer

stratified = many layers

cuboidal = cube shaped

columnal = tall

transitional = can change shape

24
Q

what type of epithelium shape and where would it be found :

A) provides protection ?

B) facilitates diffusion?

C) is absorbative/secretory ?

D) is stretchy?

A

stratified squamous ; areas of wear and tear e.g skin, oesophagus

simple squamous ; alveoli and capillaries

columnar (space needed for lots of organelles) ; small intestine/glands

with cilia as well if absorbative

transitional ; bladder

25
Q

Where in the body would we expect to find

  • Simple squamous?
  • Simple columnar?
  • Simple columnar with microvilli?
  • Columnar (pseudostratified) with cilia?
  • Simple cuboidal
  • Stratified squamous?
  • Transitional?
A

alveoli , endothelium

glands

small intestine

lining airways

in gland ducts /convoluted tubules in kidneys

areas of wear and tear

bladder

26
Q

basement membrane

structure(what is it made of) and functions

A

sheets of matrix (not cells) that site between the epithelium and connective tissue

•Composed mainly of type 4 collagen, glycoproteins (laminin secreted by epithelial cells. Fibronectin from fibroblasts) and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)

i.e the basement membrane is made by the cells above and below it

functions:

  • adhesion of epitelium to organ below,
  • barrier (selectively permeability),
  • organisation of cells

(controlling growth and

differentiation) - tells cells which way is up

27
Q

shape and structure of glands

A

secretory portion has a columnar epithelium

duct part has cuboidal epithelium

glands are derivatives of epithelia

28
Q

difference between exocrine and endocrine glands

A

•Exocrine glands

Secrete their products onto the epithelial surface directly or via a duct for local action e.g. Sweat glands, liver

•Endocrine glands

Release their secretions directly into the blood to act on different tissues e.g. Pituitary and thyroid glands

far acting

29
Q

what is merocrine

A

merocrine - release via golgi vesicles

30
Q

elastin fibres structure

A

stropoelastin polymerises to elastin

requires fibrillin(glycoprotein) for assembly

31
Q

what is type III collagen called

what is its main features

A

reticulin

mesh of thin branched fibres

32
Q

process of collagen formation

A

procollagen made by fibroblasts inside the cell

assembled into collagen fibres outside cell

33
Q

name the 3 main examples of glycoproteins found in ECM

A

fibrillin - a microfibre needed to make elastin

fribronectin - involved in maintaining collagen structure / binds to cells via integrins (membrane-spanning receptor proteins)

laminin (forms major part of BM)

34
Q

glycosaminoglycans

examples and functions

A

they are polysaccharide chains made of repeating disaccharide units

hydrophilic so attract water

stabilize the CT by binding to collagen and elastic fibers, cells and water. also absorb forces

  • Chondroitin sulfate
  • Heparan sulfate
  • Hyaluronan
  • Keratan sulfate
35
Q

types of connective tissue

A

●Loose: packing material - filling gaps between glands

●Dense: tough physical support: dermis, organ capsule, ligaments, tendons

●Areolar: fatty

●Specialised support: cartilage and bone

●Metabolic: adipose tissue

●Immune: contain immune cells (mast cells, tissue macrophages, WBCs, plasma cells) and effect repair

36
Q

what is apocrine

A

apocrine - release via budding of membrane

37
Q

what is holocrine ?

A

holocrine - release via cell death

38
Q

roles of connective tissue

A

Mechanical and structural role

carry blood and lymph vessels

Mediate exchange of nutrients, metabolites and waste products from blood and tissues

Year 1 Histology (10 decks)

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