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Anatomy and Physiology 1 > Connective and Epithelial Tissue > Flashcards

Connective and Epithelial Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Simple Squamous - what does it do?

A

filtration and diffusion.
very thin layer of flat cells.
not protective

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2
Q

Simple Cuboidal - what does it do?

A

can transport through bloodstream.
secretes and absorbs.
not protective.

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3
Q

Simple Columnar - what does it do?

A

can be non-ciliated with microvilli, or ciliated.
secretes, moves (with mucous membrane), absorption

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4
Q

Pseudostratified Columnar - what does it do?

A

secretion and absorption

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5
Q

Stratified Squamous - what does it do?

A

protects against abrasion, water loss, UV, infection

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6
Q

Stratified Cuboidal - what does it do?

A

protection - only about 2 layers thick

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7
Q

Stratified Columnar - what does it do?

A

protection, secretion
very uncommon, but an be found in urethra and gland ducts

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8
Q

Transitional epithelial tissue - what does it do?

A

variety of cell shapes, tissue stretches and the cell changes shape as well

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9
Q

What is the basement membrane?

A

Thin extracellular layer, attachment for epithelium

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10
Q

Apical

A

Top layer

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11
Q

Lateral

A

Inbetween layer of skin

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12
Q

Basal

A

Bottom layer of skin

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13
Q

What does epithelial tissue do?

A

Covers the body
Ex) skin

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14
Q

What does connective tissue do?

A

Provides support and protection
Ex) bones, cartilage, blood

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15
Q

What does nervous tissue do?

A

Electrical signals, excitable

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16
Q

What does muscle tissue do?

A

Can contract, excitable, can shorten or change in length

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17
Q

What does ECM stand for?

A

Extracellular Matrix

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18
Q

Where would you find simple squamous cells in the epithelial tissue?

A

Cardiovascular/lymphatic vessels
Lung air sacs
Kidney glomerul

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19
Q

Where would you find simple cuboidal cells in the epithelial tissue?

A

Kidney tubules
Small gland ducts

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20
Q

Where would you find simple columnar cells in the epithelial tissue?

A

Gastrointestinal tract
Bronchioles (ciliated)
Uterine tubes/uterus (ciliated)

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21
Q

Where would you find pseudo stratified columnar cells in the epithelial tissue?

A

Bronchi
Trachea
Upper respiratory tract
Male urethra

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22
Q

Where would you find stratified squamous cells in the epithelial tissues?

A

Skin (keratinized)
Mouth/esophagus
Vagina
Tongue

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23
Q

Where would you find stratified cuboidal in the epithelial tissue?

A

Uncommon tissue
Can be found in urethra and gland ducts

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24
Q

Where would you find the transitional epithelial cells in the epithelial tissues?

A

Urinary bladder
Urethra
Ureters

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25
Q

What is the glandular epithelium?

A

Structure that secretes substances
into ducts, onto a surface, or into the blood stream
Is a single cell or larger structure

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26
Q

What are the two different types of glands?

A

Endocrine and Exocrine

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27
Q

Where does the endocrine gland enter?

A

Directly into the bloodstream
No ducts
Produces hormones

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28
Q

Where does the exocrine gland enter?

A

Empties into ducts then to surface of the tissue

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29
Q

What do goblet cells do?

A

Secrete mucus

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30
Q

What are different types of exocrine glands?

A

Merocrine glands
Apocrine glands
Holocrine glands

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31
Q

What does the merocrine gland do?

A

Secretes through exocytosis

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32
Q

What does the apocrine gland do?

A

Releases the apical portion of the cell
Used by mammary glands

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33
Q

What does the holocrine gland do?

A

Ruptures the whole cell

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34
Q

What are general characteristics of connective tissue?

A

Large amounts of ECM relative to cells
Highly variable in structure (ECM)
Blood vessels/nerve endings in SOME types

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35
Q

What are the functions of connective tissue?

A

Connects and supports
Insulates and protects
Transport
Energy reserves

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36
Q

What are the connective tissue cells?

A

Fibroblasts, chondrocytes

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37
Q

What are the 3 protein fibers/

A

Collagen
Elastic
Reticular

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38
Q

What is ground substance?

A

Between cells and fibers
Usually secreted by fibroblasts
Complex polysaccharides/protein molecules

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39
Q

What are the two types of proper connective tissue?

A

Loose
Dense

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40
Q

What are the two types of supportive tissue?

A

Bone
Cartilage

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41
Q

What does the areolar connective tissue do and where do you find it?
What kind of cells and fibers are in this tissue?

A

It packs
You can find it anywhere
Fibroblasts, all fibers are in this tissue

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42
Q

What does the adipose connective tissue do and where do you find it?
What kind of cells and fibers are in this tissue?

A

Storage and heat
Lymph nodes and liver
Adipocytes, no fibers

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43
Q

What does the reticular connective tissue do and where do you find it?
What kind of cells and fibers are in this tissue?

A

Framework
Lymph node organs and liver
Reticular cells, reticular fibers

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44
Q

What does the dense regular tissue do and where do you find it?
What kind of cells and fibers are in this tissue?

A

Attachment
Tendons and ligaments
Fibroblasts, collagen fibers

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45
Q

What does the dense irregular tissue do and where do you find it?
What kind of cells and fibers are in this tissue?

A

Tensile Strength
Dermis, around organs, artery walls
Fibroblasts, collagen fibers

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46
Q

What does dense elastic tissue do and where do you find it? What kind of cells and fibers are in this tissue?

A

Strengthening
Lungs and arteries
Fibroblasts, elastic fibers

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47
Q

What kind of cells do all cartilage tissue have?

A

Chondrocytes in lacunae

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48
Q

What is the function for all cartilage tissue?

A

Stress/resilience
Support

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49
Q

What kind of cartilage has short dispersed chains of collagen fibers

A

Hyaline

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50
Q

What kind of cartilage has elastic fibers

A

Elastic cartilage

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51
Q

What kind of cartilage has thick collagen

A

Fibro-cartilage

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52
Q

Where can you find hyaline cartilage

A

Ends of bones
Nose
Trachea

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53
Q

Where can you find elastic cartilage

A

Ear
Epiglottis

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54
Q

Where can you find fibro cartilage

A

Knee
Vertebrae

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55
Q

What kind of cells are in Bone?

A

Osteocytes in lacunae

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56
Q

What kind of cells can you find in blood? What is the function of blood?

A

Erythrocytes and Leukocytes
The function of blood is oxygen transport and immunity

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57
Q

What kind of cell can you find in the lymph? What is the function of lymph?

A

Lymphocytes
The function of lymph is immunity

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58
Q

What is membrane?

A

Flat sheets of pliable tissue that cover/line the body

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59
Q

What are the two types of membranes?

A

Connective tissue membrane
Epithelial membrane

60
Q

What is the name of the connective tissue membrane?

A

Synovial membrane

61
Q

What is the name of the epithelial membranes? (3)

A

Mucous membrane
Serous membrane
Cutaneous membrane

62
Q

What does the synovial membrane do?

A

Line cavities of freely moving joints (synovial joints)
Cavity full of hylarunonan and synovial fluid for lubrication.

63
Q

What does the mucous membrane do?

A

Lines cavities that open to the exterior
Coated with mucus secretions
Supported by underlying lamina propria

64
Q

What does the serous membrane do?

A

Lines cavities closed to the interior
Coated with serous fluid for lubrication

65
Q

What does the cutaneous membrane do?

A

Lines body surface. (Skin)

66
Q

What id the largest organ system in the body?

A

Integumentary system

67
Q

What is the function of the integumentary system?

A

Protection
Sensation
Thermoregulation
Vitamin D Production

68
Q

What are some components of the integumentary system?

A

Skin (Epidermis, Dermis)
Hypodermis
Accessory structures

69
Q

What is the epidermis, what are it’s functions
What kind of cells does this have?

A

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
It’s function is protection
It has keratinocytes

70
Q

What is the stratum basale?
What are some of the cells it contains?

A

Attached to the basal lamina
This contains simple cuboidal basal cells

71
Q

What are merkel cells?

A

Touch receptor cells in the stratum basale

72
Q

What are melanocytes? (cell)

A

Produces melanin pigment
UV protection

73
Q

What is the stratum spinosum?

A

8-10 layers of dividing keratinocytes
Intraepidermal macrophages

74
Q

What is the stratum granulosome?

A

3 to 5 layers of keratinocytes
Flatten as they migrate up
Cells begin to die, organelles deteriorate

75
Q

What is filled back into the empty space left by the cells that flattened and died?

A

Lamellar Granules - secrete water, repelling sealant to fill space between cells

76
Q

What is the stratum lucid?

A

4 to 6 layers of flat, clear keratinocytes
THICK SKIN ONLY

77
Q

What is the stratum corneum?

A

Completely dead, flat keratinocytes
15 to 30 layers

78
Q

How many layers does the dermis have

A

5

79
Q

What does the reticular layer consist of?

A

Dense irregular connective tissue
Accessory structures
Highly vascular, many sensory structures

80
Q

What does the hypodermic/subcutaneous layer consist of?

A

Areolar and adipose tissues
Fat storage, insulation, cushion

81
Q

What color is eumelanin

A

Brown/black

82
Q

What color is pheomelanin

A

Yellow/red

83
Q

What is hemoglobin

A

Red blood cell pigment

84
Q

What is carotene

A

Yellow/orange pigment

85
Q

What is an accessory structure

A

Hair
Glands

86
Q

What is the Hair function?

A

Protection (UV, abrasion), insulation, sensation

87
Q

What is the nails function?

A

Manipulating, grasping, counter pressure to fingers, protect distal region of digits

88
Q

What is the lunula?

A

Thick layer of epithelium

89
Q

What is the eponychium?

A

Cuticle

90
Q

What is the hyponychium?

A

Underneath nail, where it attaches to the nail bed

91
Q

What are the 2 types of sebaceous glands?

A

Eccrine
Apocrine

92
Q

What does the eccrine gland do?

A

More common gland, smaller, ducts open onto skin
Help with thermoregulation

93
Q

What does the apocrine gland do?

A

Larger, lipid-rich secretion, duct open to hair follicle, activated at puberty

94
Q

What are the two layers of skin affiliated with sensation?

A

Epidermis (Stratum basale)
Dermis

95
Q

Epidermis

A

Tactile epithelial cells

96
Q

Dermis

A

Tactile corpuscle (touch)
Free nerve endings (itch, tickle, pain, sensory)

97
Q

Subcutaneous

A

Lamellated corpuscles (vibration)

98
Q

What is one of the main Diseases and Disorders within the skin

A

Skin Cancers

99
Q

Basal cell carcinoma

A

Most common

100
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma

A

More aggressive

101
Q

Melanoma

A

Most fatal, can develop from moles

102
Q

What is acne?

A

Clogged hair follicles

103
Q

What does the endocrine system do?

A

Controls body activities through the release of hormones from endocrine glands

104
Q

What are the 5 endocrine glands?

A

Pituitary
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Adrenal
Pineal

105
Q

What are some other hormone secreting organs?

A

Hypothalamus
Thalamus
Pancreas
Ovaries
Testes

106
Q

What are two kinds of hormones

A

Lipid soluble
Hydrophilic/polar

107
Q

How do lipid soluble molecules enter the cell

A

Simple diffusion through the lipid bilayer

108
Q

What do the lipid soluble molecules bind to after entering the cell

A

They bond directly into the cytosol or nucleus

109
Q

How to water soluble molecules enter the cell

A

They begin with a signaling cascade

110
Q

What does the hydrophobic molecule bond to to enter the cell

A

They bind to the receptor at the cell surface

111
Q

Where is the hypothalamus

A

Sits below the thalamus in the brain

112
Q

What two systems does the hypothalamus link

A

The nervous and endocrine systems

113
Q

What gland is the “master regulator” for the endocrine system

A

Pituitary

114
Q

What two types of hormones does the pituitary gland have

A

Releasing hormones
Inhibiting hormones

115
Q

What connection does the hypothalamus have to the pituitary gland

A

It tells the pituitary gland what hormones to make

116
Q

How many different hormones does the pituitary gland make?

A

7

117
Q

Where is the human growth hormone from and what does it do

A

It is found in the pituitary gland and it signals to other tissues to secrete growth factors

118
Q

What are the said growth factors for human growth hormones?

A

Stimulating protein synthesis
Tissue building
Multiplying cells for growth and repair
Enhance lypolysis

119
Q

What is lypolysis?

A

The break down of fats and other lipids by hydrolysis to release fatty acids

120
Q

Where do you find the thyroid stimulating hormone?

A

In the pituitary gland

121
Q

What is the ACTH

A

The adrenocorticotrophic hormone

122
Q

What does the ACTH do?

A

It increases hormone production by adrenal cortex
This is a response to stress

123
Q

What kind of hormone is the gonadotrophin hormone?

A

A sex hormone

124
Q

What are the two kinds of gonadotrophin hormones?

A

Follicle-stimulating hormones
Lutenizing hormones

125
Q

What do the follicle-stimulating hormones do

A

They promote follicle development (ovary), and sperm production (testes)

126
Q

What do the luteinizing hormones do?

A

They promote ovulation (ovaries), and testosterone production (testes)

127
Q

What does the hormone prolactin promote

A

It initiates milk production in the mammary glands
Activation occurs with pregnancy

128
Q

What 2 hormones does the posterior pituitary gland make?

A

Oxytocin
Antidiuretic hormone

129
Q

What does oxytocin do?

A

Targets uterine smooth muscle and mammary glands

130
Q

What does antidiuretic hormone do?

A

Decreases urine production, sweating and constricts blood vessels

131
Q

What are the two thyroid follicles

A

Triiodothyronine (T3)
Thyroxine (T4)

132
Q

What is the thyroid parafollicular cells?

A

Calcitonin

133
Q

What are the effects of the two thyroid follicles

A

Increases basal metabolic rate, increases body temperature, increases growth and heart rate

134
Q

What are the effects of calcitonin

A

Calcium regulation, tones down the production of calcium.

135
Q

Where is the parathyroid?

A

Embedded into the posterior thyroid

136
Q

What hormone is in the parathyroid

A

Parathyroid hormone

137
Q

What are the effects of parathyroid hormone?

A

Regulates blood ion levels/activates production of calcium when it is low

138
Q

What is the term antigonistic

A

Opposite effects on the same process

139
Q

What are the two parts of the adrenal glands?

A

Adrenal cortex
Adrenal medulla

140
Q

What hormones does the adrenal cortex posses?

A

Mineralocorticoids (regulate mineral levels)
Glucocorticoids (regulate glucose metabolism)

141
Q

What hormone does the adrenal medulla posses?

A

Epinephrine
Norepinephrine
Both intensify sympathetic nervous system responses

142
Q

What kind of hormone does the pancreas possess?

A

Pancreatic islets

143
Q

What two kinds of cells do the pancreatic islets have?

A

Alpha cells
Beta cells

144
Q

What do the alpha cells do?

A

Raise blood glucose levels during hypoglycemia

145
Q

What do the beta cells do?

A

Lower blood glucose levels during hyperglycemia

146
Q

Where is the pineal gland found?

A

In the brain

147
Q

What hormone does the pineal gland possess?

A

Melatonin

Anatomy and Physiology 1 (2 decks)

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