Connective and Adipose Tissues Flashcards
What happens to necrotic cells and why?
Swell and burst Failure of Na+ K+ ATPase. Pumps Na+ 3 out, K+ 2 in. When this doesn’t work, Na+ accumulates inside and water follows.
What is normal plasma osmolality?
290mOsmol/kg
What is normal saline?
0.9%
Where does saline distribute itself?
IV + interstitial.
How much K+ is living inside and outside of my cell?
K+ inside: 160 K+ plasma: 5
How much Na+ is living outside and inside of my cell?
Na+ inside: 14 Na+ outside: 140
What is the normal pH range for a person who wants to stay alive?
7.35 - 7.45
Discuss the importance of lactate in the context of shock.
Anaerobic glycolysis occurs as a result of hypoperfusion. Lactic acid is produced and lactic acidosis occurs. Cardiac function is further impaired and this in turn causes more anaerobic glycolysis and a downward spiral.
What on earth is a TIGHT junction?
Impermeable barrier.
What on earth is a DESMOSOME?
Bind cells together laterally like a molecular “velcro”.
What on earth is a GAP junction?
Allow passage of ions and small molecules for intercellular communication.
How might I attach my cells to a basal domain?
Hemidesmosomes and focal adhesions.
What on earth is a HEMIDESMOSOME?
Protect from abrasions: skin, oral epithelium.
What on earth is a FOCAL ADHESION?
Important for cell migration e.g. wound healing, immunity. Dynamic protein structures that tie the cell (intercellular actin) to the ECM. In response to changes in the ECM, the protein complex is knocked down and rebuilt. This enables the cell to move if needed.
Which parts of the body utilise neurocrine communication?
Anterior and posterior pituitary Adrenal medulla Hypothalamus
What is contact inhibition?
Ensures that cells grow in a monolayer. Growth inhibited by contact with a neighbouring cell.
Give some examples of static cells.
CNS, cardiac, skeletal muscle.
Give some examples of stable cells.
Fibroblasts, endothelium, smooth muscle.
Give some examples of renewing cells.
Blood, skin epithelium, gut epithelium.
What might you find on the APICAL domain of a cell?
Microvilli Stereovilli Cilia
You are trying to sell me some connective tissue. Give me some major uses for it.
Connects Transports Protects Stores Defends Heals wounds
What makes up connective tissue proper?
Cells, fibres and ground substance.
I am a cell living in a connective tissue. What kinds of fibres might I meet here?
Collagen: flexible, strong Reticular: framework/sponge for support Elastin: recoil after stretch
I am hanging out in the ground substance of some connective tissue. It is very wet and my shoes are soaked through. I wish to write a letter of complaint. Who should I address it to and why?
Proteoglycans Bind glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), which attract water to form a gel. E.g. hyaluronic acid.
I am mining hyaluronic acid to put in face creams and sell at a substantial profit. Where might I found a good source of this?
In the ground substance of cartilage, allowing it to resist compression but remain flexible.
Oh dear, you have found an unlabelled image. Fix it please.
Also, what on Earth is it?
A Glycosaminoglycan
B Core protein
C Linker protein
D Hyaluronin molecule
D (second) Proteoglycan unit
Ground substance of CARTILAGE.
I am a connective tissue type (loose or dense). These are my features:
Many cells, sparse collagen fibres, lots of ground substance, gel-like consistency.
What am I?
Loose CT.
I am a connective tissue type (loose or dense). These are my features:
Few cells (mainly fibroblasts), many collagen fibres, little ground substance.
Dense CT.
I am looking for some loose CT to befriend. Where should I look?
Why these hangout spots?
Beneath epithelia (diffusion).
Epithelium of glands.
Around small vessels.
Because pathogens that have breached a surface can be confronted here.
Why might loose CT swell so much?
Immune cells fighting off bacteria.
Where in the body might I find an excellent source of loose CT?
Superficial dermis of skin, submucosa of colon.
