Congress Flashcards
Concurrent powers of Congress (Shared by both senate and house)
Constitutional amendments - two thirds of both houses must agree to amendment
Confirming a new VP, if the office becomes vacant through resignation or becoming president they must vote in a new one.
Passing legislation. All legislation must pass both houses.
Declaring war
Exclusive powers of the House
- Elect a president if the electoral college is deadlocked.
- Initiate money bills, only they can initiate but both vote on it.
- Bring articles of impeachment - Clinton 1998, trump 2020, 2021.
Exclusive powers of the senate
- Confirm presidential appointments; judicial nominees, cabinet appointments, ambassadors etc. -
ratify treaties (2/3 of senate) -
Try cases of impeachment, 2/3 of senate to remove a president. -
Elect VP if the electoral college is deadlocked.
Checks that Congress have on the President (6)
- Block or amend their proposed legislation
Override President’s veto -
Power of the purse -
Confirm judge nominees -
Declare war -
ratify treaties.
Example of congress having an effect on Obama’s legislation healthcare and immigration and gun reform
- Passed ACA 2010
(BUT - Conservative democrats forced Obama’s hand into passing an EO against using federal money for abortions so they would vote for it.) -
Blocked his immigration reform (Dream Act) and gun reform (Assault Weapons Ban of 2013)
Congress and Trump over wall, economy and healthcare
- Blocked his demand for money for the wall in budget; tried to block his national emergency by passing a resolution but he vetoed it, they couldn’t get 2/3 to override that.
However, he would have been a lot more successful if he had had congress’ support. -
passed tax cuts and jobs act - blocked American Healthcare act
When was power of the purse used?
To stop Vietnam - foreign assistance act 1974 and to try to stop the wall.
Congress blocking appointments x4
- Mitch McConnell wouldn’t hear Merrick Garland’s hearing.
They blocked John Towers’s appointment for claims of alcohol abuse (secretary of defence) -
democrats blocked Robert Bork for SC because of his very Conservative views (partisan)
Blocked Harriet Myers for SC as she was unqualified
Someone who Congress probably shouldnt have Approved
Amy Coney Barret appointed in 2020, just a month before the election -
heard and appointed, even though they didnt appoint Garland because it was too close to the election.
Appointment that highlights a loophole and failure of Congress’ oversight
appointment of Trump loyalist Whitaker as “ACTING” attorney general.
Normally, the senate must confirm appointments but under the Federal Vacancies act Trump said he didn’t need to as it was temporary.
It was the day after the midterms where the Dems took control of the house and would have likely scrutinised Trump strongly on Mueller report - Whitaker provided more protection. Sets precedent for other presidents, obstruction of justice - weak congress.
Failure of Congress’ power to declare war
Congress last declared war in 1942, but since the US has been in wars and lots of military activity. this is due to the president’s power as commander in chief.
Treaties that Congress have passed (Approve by a 2/3 vote) But president can withdraw with no vote
+ 1 they have not ratified
Disability Rights treaty 2012
Strategic Arms Reduction treaty with Russia 2010. (START)
1996 - Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, signed but not ratified
Oversight powers of congress (6)
- Impeachment
Power of the Purse -
Declaring war -
Ratifying treaties -
Ratifying appointments -
committees
(Could do legislation as well)
Russia Investigation
Trump was being investigated for possible collusion with Russia in the 2016 election. James Comey (former FBI Director) who Trump fired and Robert Mueller were questioned by Democrats to try and find Trump guilty. Trump tried very hard to obstruct any efforts, offering pardons, trying to convince people at private dinners, using executive privilege and releasing a redacted version of the Mueller report to the public.
In the end, although Mueller said there was almost definitely Russian interference, he couldn’t prove that the Trump campaign were involved. It’s effective oversight because it needed to be brought to light but it was mainly partisan motivated. Not congressional oversight though
Things that affect effective Congressional oversight of the president (5)
- whether the house, senate and president belong to the same party
When the next election is (congress may be more focused on pleasing constituents)
Which branch has the most recent mandate
The poll and popularity ratings of the president.
national circumstances.
The power of investigation pro and con
+ Congress can investigate executive and highlight issues
- they only end in recommendations, no criminal proceedings
- often very partisan motivated*
Appointment pro and con (senate)
+ nominees well vetted and usually dont need to reject but they can. Check on other branches.
- Reactive power, can only act once the president has nominated someone. can not continually reject otherwise they look partisan
Ratifying treaties pro and con
+ Has ratified a few treaties eg START 2010 and rejected some 1996 - Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty,
- President can move round this with executive agreements
Impeachment pro and con
+ Effective threat and has been used more recently -
- President always found not guilty even when they should be, often very partisan.
Declaring war pro and con
+ Congress Have used this power 11 times, although not since WW2. - 1942
- Congress have little choice in authorising action and President just mobilises troops
Especially after something like 9/11 when there is such public support. 2017 - Trump launched 59 missiles into syrian airbase
Difference between a treaty and an executive agreement?
Congress have to ratify treaty.
Both can be ended by the president without a vote so why would they ever use a treaty?
Michael Cohen Testimony/investigation - committee oversight
broke campaign finance rules because he Didn’t declare money paid to stormy Daniels, despite it being beneficial to trump’s campaign.
Had already lied under oath and he flipped sides to help the fbi.
Clinton Testiomy - committee oversight (under obama)
Clinton was the secretary of state while the ambassador to Libya was Killed in Benghazi.
Republicans controlled the house select committee and wanted to question her negligence Well known that she is going to run for president so reps want to wreck her campaign.
- visual aid of emails
The committee had no time limit, no rules, no budget - purely partisan
Impeachment argument its effective and ineffective with evidence
+ Threat of impeachment forced Nixon to resign
Clinton and trump needed to be investigated
Partisan motivations, Trump should have been impeached both times but wasnt.
Nunes memo
- Nunes was trump loyalist -
Chair of the house intelligence committee.
- claimed the FBI were partisan as they were working off info brought by a democrat funded guy. (they are bipartisan)
Nunes went to the white house to see a document and didnt show the committee. - he made a subcommittee entirely full of republicans - criticised and forced to recuse himself.
not separation of powers
Trump First Impeachment Inquiry 2019.
Trump investigated for leveraging military aid in return for Ukrainian gov to investigate Joe and Hunter Biden.
He called the Ukrainian president and said he would withhold military aid if he didn’t investigate them.
Clearly trying to undermine political opponent Joe Biden
He was impeached in the house and then acquitted in the senate.
Trump Second Impeachment Inquiry 2021.
Trump was impeached in the house with 10 Republican representatives voting to impeach him on charges of “Incitement of insurrection” at the storming of the capitol.
Trump was acquitted in the senate but he was the first president to ever be impeached twice.
Examples of Congress controlling foreign policy
- 2/3 of Congress needed to ratify a treaty - eg rejected 1996 Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty
Overrode Obama’s veto of JASTA - with bipartisan support
Examples of President controlling Foreign policy - international agreements
80% of international agreements are executive agreements. - eg paris accord 2015
- Iran Nuclear Deal - non binding political agreement -
repealed by Trump, congress have no power
Examples of Congress controlling Foreign policy - military action
Congress can declare war
Power of the purse - Vietnam -
War powers resolution 1973 - must consult congress, must give congress 60 days notice before deploying troops, must withdraw them after 30 days if no congressional consent is given.