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Congnotion & Memory (Unit 3) Flashcards

1
Q

cognition

A

The process of thinking or mentally processing information such as concepts, languages, and images.

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2
Q

metacognition

A

Thinking about thinking; purposeful recognition and control over one’s own thought processes.

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3
Q

concept

A

An understanding of connections in abstract thought; a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.

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4
Q

prototype

A

your personal best example of a concept

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5
Q

assimilation

A

The cognitive process of making new information fit in with your existing understanding of the world.

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6
Q

accommodation

A

What occurs when new information or experiences cause you to modify your existing perceptions.

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7
Q

convergent thinking

A

The process of finding a single best solution to a problem you are trying to solve.

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8
Q

divergent thinking

A

Thinking outside the box; utilizing the mind in inventive, free-flowing ways to solve a problem and make creative solutions.

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9
Q

executive functions

A

neurocognitive skills involved in goal-directed problem-solving, including working memory, inhibitory control, and adaptation.

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10
Q

algorithm

A

A step-by-step method that guarantees to solve a particular problem.

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11
Q

heuristic

A

a mental shortcut

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12
Q

insight

A

The sudden realization or understanding of a solution to a problem.

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13
Q

confirmation bias

A

The tendency to support or search for information that aligns with your own opinions.

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14
Q

fixation

A

An obsessive drive that may or may not be acted upon involving an object, concept, or person.

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15
Q

mental set

A

A cognitive framework that influences how we approach problem-solving based on previous experiences or solutions.

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16
Q

intuition

A

An effortless or automatic feeling or thought about something without conscious reasoning.

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17
Q

What is the representativeness heuristic?

A

A heuristic where decisions are based on past experiences

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18
Q

What is the availability heuristic?

A

Judging how likely a certain event is to happen based on how easily information regarding this topic is available.

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19
Q

overconfidence

A

The tendency to overestimate one’s own capabilities.

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20
Q

belief perseverance

A

The tendency to maintain one’s beliefs even in the face of contradictory evidence.

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21
Q

framing

A

The way information is presented.

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22
Q

memory

A

The recalling and retaining of information and past experiences.

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23
Q

recall

A

Bringing to mind something that was previously seen or experienced.

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24
Q

recognition

A

A feeling of familiarity that comes from encountering outside stimuli relating to an experience that has occurred previously.

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25
What is relearning?
The process of learning something for the second time.
26
What is encoding?
The process of sensing information, processing it, and storing it to be retrieved later.
27
What is storage?
The process of maintaining or keeping information readily available.
28
What is retrieval?
using memory to recall and recognize facts, ideas, and experiences.
29
What is sensory memory?
The memory of sensory details.
30
What is working (short term) memory?
Stores information temporarily during the completion of cognitive tasks, such as comprehension, problem-solving, reasoning, and learning.
31
What is long term memory?
The storage of information over extended periods of time.
32
What is neurogenesis?
The creation of new neurons.
33
What is long term potentiation (LTP)?
A persistent strengthening of synaptic connections based on recent patterns of activity.
34
What is explicit memory?
A type of long-term memory that involves the conscious recollection of factual information, personal experiences, and concepts.
35
What is effortful processing?
The active mental process of encoding information that requires conscious effort and attention.
36
What is automatic processing?
The unconscious way the brain handles information, encoding details without requiring conscious effort.
37
What is implicit memory?
A type of memory where information is retained and used unconsciously, formed through repeated experience.
38
What is iconic memory?
A type of short-term sensory memory in which one can recall visual images for a few milliseconds after the physical image is gone.
39
What is chunking?
The process of breaking information into smaller, more manageable units.
40
What are mnemonics?
A technique used to enhance memory recall by associating information with easily recalled patterns.
41
What is the spacing effect?
A phenomenon where information is better retained when studying is spaced out over time.
42
What is the testing effect?
A phenomenon where studying using retrieval enhances information retention.
43
What is shallow processing?
Processing information based on surface characteristics.
44
What is deep processing?
Involves direct attention, focusing on and relating information to something else.
45
echoic memory
a sensory memory of audible sounds
46
What is semantic memory?
The ability to recall factual information.
47
What is episodic memory?
A form of long-term memory that corresponds to life events and personal facts.
48
What is memory consolidation?
How the brain transforms short-term memory to long-term memory.
49
What are basal ganglia?
A group of structures in the brain involved in motor control, learning, memory, and emotion.
50
What are flashbulb memories?
A type of memory most likely to form due to a period of widespread crisis.
51
What is priming?
Priming is when exposure to a stimulus beneath conscious awareness influences a response to a subsequent stimulus.
52
What is the encoding specificity principle?
The encoding specificity principle states that it's easier to recall information when you are in the same context in which you memorized or studied it.
53
What is mood congruent memory?
Mood congruent memory is the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current mood, whether good or bad.
54
What is the serial position effect?
The serial position effect is the psychological tendency to remember the first and last items on a list better than those in the middle.
55
What is anterograde amnesia?
The inability to learn or retain new information.
56
What is retrograde amnesia?
The inability to recall memories from before the onset of amnesia.
57
What is proactive interference?
When older memories interfere with the retrieval of new ones.
58
What is retroactive interference?
Occurs when newly acquired information inhibits our ability to recall old information.
59
What is repression?
When unacceptable ideas, impulses, or memories are kept out of consciousness.
60
What is retroactive interference?
Occurs when newly acquired information inhibits our ability to recall previously acquired information.
61
What is reconsolidation?
The process of replacing a stored memory with a new version of the memory.
62
What is the misinformation effect?
The tendency for information you learned after an event to interfere with your original memory.
63
What is source amnesia?
Occurs when a person is able to remember certain information but unable to recall when, why, or where they learned it.
64
What is deja vu?
An eerie sense that you have experienced a new situation previously.
65
proactive interference
occurs when old information interferes with the learning of new information

Psychology (5 decks)

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