Congestive heart failure

Question 1

BL: What are the five principal mechanisms of cardiac dysfunction

Answer 1

Failure of pump, obstruction of flow, regurgitant flow, shunted flow, disorders of cardiac conduction, disruption of the continuity of the circulatory system that permits blood to escape

Question 2

BL: Increased wall thickness and normal to reduced chamber diameter is caused by?

Answer 2

Hypertension and aortic stenosis

Question 3

BL: Dilation (enlarged ventricular volume), increased weight, may have increased, decreased, or normal wall thickness is caused by?

Answer 3

Mitral or aortic valve regurgitation

Question 4

BL: What causes right sided heart failure?

Answer 4

Most often due to left sided heart failure

Question 5

BL: How are the lungs affected during left sided heart failure?

Answer 5

Pulmonary congestion and edema.
INterstitial trasudate cauing Kerley B lines on x ray
edematous widening of alveolar septa
edema fluid accumulates in alveolar spaces
hemosiderin laden macrophages, “heart failure cells”

Clinical: Cough and dyspnea, orthopnea, paroxsymal nocturnal dyspnea