Congenital Heart Disease

Question 1

What are the groups of congenital heart disease?

Answer 1

cyanotic or acyanotic

Question 2

What is congenital heart disease?

Answer 2

abnormalities of the heart or great vessels which are present from birth

Question 3

When is CHD detected in life?

Answer 3

50% in the first year

Question 4

What are the types of acyanotic CHD?

Answer 4

ASD
VSD
HCM
PDA
Coarctation of the aorta

Question 5

What often is a result of acyanotic defects?

Answer 5

volume overload (ASD, VSD, PDA)
pressure overload ( AS, pulmonic stenosis, coarctation of the aorta)

Question 6

What is often the results in chronic volume overload

Answer 6

large left to right shunt

Question 7

What is the result of volume overload?

Answer 7

increased pulmonary vascular resistance
reversal of the direction of shunt flow
subsequent cyanosis (Eisenmenger syndrome)

Question 8

Ostium secundum

Answer 8

An ASD defects are in the region of the fossa ovale with female predominance and is the most common

Question 9

Ostium primum

Answer 9

defects are in the lower portion of the septum and are part of atrioventricular canal defects

Question 10

sinus venous defects

Answer 10

are in the upper part of the septum near the superior vena cava

Question 11

What diseases are associated with ASD?

Answer 11

down syndrome
holt-oram syndrome
Autosomal dominant abnormalities

Question 12

What is the result of acyanotic CHD?

Answer 12

left-to-right shunt in which oxygenated blood from the lungs is shunted back into pulmonary circulation

Question 13

Between cyanotic and acyanotic, which is more severe?

Answer 13

cyanotic defects

Question 14

is premedication needed for acyanotic CHD?

Answer 14

no

Question 15

in ASD how faster is the blood flow?

Answer 15

2-4x faster

Question 16

why do murmurs occur in ASD?

Answer 16

increased blood flow through the pulmonary valve

Question 17

is the development of irreversible pulmonary hypertension usual?

Answer 17

no

Question 18

what pathophysiological event happens with volume overload?

Answer 18

enlargement of the RA and RV

Question 19

what happens to the shunt if severe pulmonary vascular disease develops?

Answer 19

the direction of the shunt may reverse from left to right to right to left flow

Question 20

what happens when desaturated blood enters the systemic circulation

Answer 20

hypoxemia and cyanosis

Question 21

the increased flow across the pulmonic valve causes what?

Answer 21

split S2 and systolic ejection murmur