congenital heart defects Flashcards
what is ASD?
what does it cause?
it is an acyanotic heart defect - Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)
where there is a hole in the septum between the atria - this means blood will flow from the Left atria to right atria (as left is under high pressure) - down pressure gradient. More blood in the RA means more pulmonary blood flow and RV has to work harder causign right sided heart failure and hypertension
e.g. foramen ovali diesnt close at birth - treat with surgery
what is VSD?
what does it cause?
Ventricular Septal Defects
when there is a hole between the ventricles at the ventricular spetum at birth
blood flows left to right ventricle down pressure gradient- this increases causes pulmonary hypertension - more blood in RV and pulmonary circuit
what is aortic stenosis?
what can cause it?
what does it cause?
narrowing of aortic valve opening
it restricts blood flow from the LV to the systemic circulation
degenerative from calcification/fibrosis, congenital-bicuspid valve, chronic rheumatic fever
left sided hypertrophy, left sided heart failure, microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia
what is coarctation?
what can people do to compensate ?
what is thought to cause it?
Coarctation of the aorta is a birth defect in which a part of the aorta is narrower than usual. If the narrowing is severe enough and if it is not diagnosed, the baby may have serious problems and may need surgery
some poeple by develop collateral blood vessels to compensate for this
in some babies it is throught that the closing of the ductus arteriosus narrows the aorta
what is tetralogy of Fallot?
cyanotic congenital heart defect made of 4 components
- ventricular septal defect - hole between ventricles
- over riding aorta - spiraled too much and is out of place, it arises above both ventricles, instead of just the left ventricle, as in a healthy heart.
- pulmonary stenosis - narrowing of pulmonary valve due to overiding aorta
- right ventricular hypertrophy as it has to work harder to pump blood out stenosed PA
what is tricuspid atresia?
is a cyanotic birth defect of the heart where the valve that controls blood flow from the right atria of the heart to the right ventricle of the heart doesn’t form at all.- resitects blood from from atria to ventricles - fine in wombe bc blood flows to LA via foramen ovali
Many babies born with tricuspid atresia have a hole between the ventricles (ventricular septal defect). In these cases, some blood can flow through the hole between the left ventricle and the right ventricle, and then blood is pumped to the lungs through the pulmonary artery or blood can flow to lungs via ductus arteriousus (from aorta to PA)
what is transposition of the great arteries?
a cyantoic heart defect which the two main arteries carrying blood out of the heart – the main pulmonary artery and the aorta – are switched in position
RV connected to aorta
LV connected to PA
not viable for life as both circuits done communicate so no blood gets oxygenated unless the ductal shunts remian open post birth - can do via drugs e.g. portaglandins
what is a univentricular heart?
when there is one ventricle that supplies pulmonary and systemic circuit
what is pulmonary atresia?
Cyanotic heart defects when there is no pulmonary valve and no RV outlet to lungs - right to left venous shunt
blood can only flow to lungs via ductus arteriousus from aorta to PA
what is a cyanotic defect?
what is a acyotic defect?
examples please
- Cyanotic heart disease refers to a group of many different heart defects that are present at birth (congenital). They result in a low blood oxygen level. Cyanosis refers to a bluish color of the skin - usually has a right to left shunt (hole and obstruction) - deoxygenated blood bypasses lungs
e. g. tetralogy of fallot, transpostion of great arteries, pulmonary atresia, tricuspid atresia - Congenital heart defects that don’t normally interfere with the amount of oxygen or blood that reaches the tissues of the body. Involves a left to right shunt (just a hole for blood to flow own pressure gradient) - increased blood flow to the pulmonary circuit can increase the pulmonary pressure = bad
e. g. ASD, VSD, aortic stenosis, coarctation
what is a patent ductus arteriosus?
murmur?
what does it cause?
when the ductus arteriosus doesnt close at birth
flow from aorta to PA (left to right as the pressure in the left is higher than right)
LA and LV overload due to more blood pumping to pulmonary circulation = more blood entering left side of heart
what is a hypoplastic left heart?
when the left ventricle is underdeveloped and the ascending aorta is very small
if the dutud arteriosus is maintained via drugs at birth the right ventricle can support systemic circulation from a right to left shunt
if ducts close = die as LV isnt develped and no systemic circulation
