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Year 1 CVS > Congenital Heart Defects > Flashcards

Congenital Heart Defects Flashcards

1
Q

What genetics problems can lead to heart defects?

A

Downs
Turners
Marfans

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2
Q

What is the term given to something that is harmful in pregnancy?

A

teratogen

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3
Q

What maternal infections affect foetal cardiac development?

A

Rubella
Toxoplasmosis
Lots more

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4
Q

How do we get right to left shunts?

A

Need a hole and an obstruction

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5
Q

Which shunt direction is cyanotic?

A

Right to left

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6
Q

How is a left to right shunt harmful if it acyanotic?

A

Pulmonary hypertension is harmful to lungs

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7
Q

List the cyanotic heart defects that involve shunts?

A

Atrio-Septal Defects
Ventriculo-Septal Defect
Patent Ductus Arteriosusm

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8
Q

What obstructive lesions in cardiac development can cause acyanotic defect?

A

Aotric stenosis
Pulmonary stenosis
Coarctation of the aorta (narrowing of the aorta at the level of the ligamentum arteriosum)
Mitral stenosis

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9
Q

What does the ductus arteriosum develop in to after birth?

A

Ligamentum arteriosum.

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10
Q

Is tetralogy of fallow cyanotic or not and why?

A 
Cyanotic- 4 defects involving a hole and an obstruction.
Over-riding aorta 
RVH
Huge septal defect 
Pulmonary stenosis
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11
Q

Transposition of the great arteries is where the great vessels connect to the wrong side of the heart, does this cause cyanosis?

A

Yes- the right and left heart are no longer connected the right is only pumping systemically and the left is the only pulmonary circulation- so with no shunt we only have deoxygenated blood in systemic circulation

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12
Q

Why is a univentricular heart cyanotic?

A

Mixing ox deoxygenated blood an oxygenated blood entering the aorta for systemic circulation.

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13
Q

What is total anomalous pulmonary venous drainage?

A

The pulmonary trunk return to RA not LA. Left side of heart has no blood pumping at all- not compatible with life. Most exist with an Atrial Septal Defect as well.

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14
Q

What are the haemodynamic effects of an atrial septal defect?

A 
L--> R shunt 
Increased pulmonary flow 
RV overloaded 
Pulmonary hypertension- rare
Right sided heart failure 
Atrial arrhythmias may occur
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15
Q

Which chamber gets over loaded in a ventricular septal defect?

A

Left ventricle

R–>L shunt means the first ventricle to get the larger blood volume is the left.

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16
Q

What pulmonary side effects may arise from a ventricular petal defect?

A

Pulmonary hypertension

Pulmonary venous congestion.

17
Q

What septal defect is associated with Downs?

A

Atrio0ventricular septal defect (both at once giving left to right shunt)

18
Q

What is tricuspid atresia?

A

No tricuspid valve to let blood flow from RA to RV.
R->L shunt of entire venous return
Only way blood gets to lungs is if patent ductus arteriosum or a ventriclar septal defect
CYANOTIC

19
Q

Outline the pathology in left heart hypoplasia.

A

Left ventricle under developed
Ascending aorta is thus small.
Right ventricle supports systemic circulation via the obligatory R->L shunt

20
Q

Is great vessel transposition viable?

A

Not unless the two circuits communicate- bidirectional shunting

21
Q

What must be protected in univentricular heart?

A

Pulmonary circulation (should be a low pressure system)

22
Q

Whats pulmonary atresia?

A

No RV outlet.
R–> L atrial shunt (ASD)
Blood has to flow to lungs by a patent DA.

23
Q

When are ASDs normally picked up and what are the complications?

A

Late into adulthood.

Arrhythmia and Right heart failure

24
Q

Ventricular septal defects are picked up in infancy, what is the presentation and whats the serious consequence?

A

Present with left side heart failure

If interest may develop inoperable pulmonary hypertension

25
Q

Congenital coarctation of the aorta is associate with which shunt type?

A

R–>L from a PDA

26
Q

Coarctation of the aorta in an adult can lead to what 2 conditions and is often associated with what?

A

Associated with aortic valve stenosis

Leads to Left ventricular hypertrophy and renal hypertension

27
Q

If a child has mild tetralogy of fallow what might they experience and is it viable?

A

If very mild viable with cyanotic spells

28
Q

How do transpositions, hypo plastic LH, preductal coarctations and pulmonary atresia present?

A

Neonatal emergency with reduced pulmonary flow.

Year 1 CVS (15 decks)

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