Congenital heart defects

Question 1

There is a joint between the right and left ventricles, allowing a left to right shunt causing pulmonary hypertension and left ventricle overload leading to LV dilatation?

Answer 1

Ventricular Septal Defect

Question 2

In VSD where is the joint between and what does it allow?

Answer 2

Right and left ventricles, allowing a left to right shunt

Question 3

What does the left to right shunt in VSD cause?

Answer 3

Pulmonary hypertension and left ventricle overload leading to LV dilatation

Question 4

There is a join between the right and left atria, leading to a left to right shunt, causing right atrial dilatation due to volume overload, dyspnoea and exercise tolerance?

Answer 4

Atrial Septal Defect

Question 5

Where is the join between in an ASD, and what does it lead to?

Answer 5

Between right and left atria, leading to a left to right shunt

Question 6

What does a left to right shunt in ASD cause?

Answer 6

Right atrial dilatation due to volume overload, dyspnoea and exercise intolerance

Question 7

Cyanotic with shunt?

Answer 7

Transposition of great vessels

Fallon’s tetralogy

Question 8

Over-riding aorta, ventricular septal defect, obstructed right ventricular outflow, right ventricular hypertrophy. Increased right heart pressure, leading to a right to left shunt through the VSD, leading to cyanosis?

Answer 8

Fallon’s tetralogy

Question 9

What are the four components of Fallon’s tetralogy?

Answer 9

1. Overriding aorta
2. Ventricular Septal Defect
3. Obstructed right ventricular outflow
4. Right ventricular hypertrophy
   “ROVO”

Question 10

What does Fallon’s tetralogy increase, and what does it then lead to?

Answer 10

Right heart pressure, leading to a right to left shunt through the VSD, leading to cyanosis

Question 11

What clinical features is present with Fallon’s tetralogy?

Answer 11

Cyanosis

Question 12

A narrowing of the aorta just distal to the insertion of the ductus arteriosus, leading to the formation of collateral arteries (often the intercostal arteries are involved) and renal under perfusion can lead to systemic hypertension.

Answer 12

Coarctation of aorta

Question 13

What does coarctation of the aorta lead to the formation of?

Answer 13

Collateral arteries (often intercostal arteries)

Question 14

In coarctation of aorta, what can renal under perfusion lead to?

Answer 14

Systemic hypertension

Question 15

Ductus arteriosus remains open, connecting the proximal left pulmonary artery with the aorta. Blood travels from the aorta into the pulmonary artery causing left heart overload and sometimes pulmonary hypertension.

Answer 15

Patent Ductus Arteriosus

Question 16

What does the opening of the ductus connect?

Answer 16

The proximal left pulmonary artery with the aorta

Question 17

In patent ductus arteriosus, where does the blood travel from and to, and what does this cause?

Answer 17

Travels from aorta into pulmonary artery causing left heart overload and sometimes pulmonary hypertension

Question 18

Right ventricle leads into aorta and systemic arteries, and the left ventricle leads into hte pulmonary arteries. This is not compatible with life as the heart exists as two parallel pumps which are not linked and blood is not oxygenated. Babies may survive before surgery if a shunt is present (e.g VSD)?

Answer 18

Transposition of Great Vessels

Question 19

In TGA, where does the right ventricle lead into?

Answer 19

Aorta and systemic arteries

Question 20

In TGA, where does the left ventricle lead into?

Answer 20

Pulmonary arteries

Question 21

Pulmonary venous return travels into the left atrium into the right ventricle and the aorta, and systemic venous return travels into the right atrium into the left ventricle and the pulmonary arteries. Many people can live a normal life, although some require a pacemaker (abnormal AV node)?

Answer 21

Congenitally Corrected Transposition of Great Vessels

Question 22

Acyanotic with shunt?

Answer 22

Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)
Atrial septal defect
Coarctation of aorta
Patent ductus arteriolus