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Cardiac PathoPhys > Congenital Cardiac > Flashcards

Congenital Cardiac Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primitive heart?

A

Enlarge tube with 3 layers

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2
Q

What is cardiac jelly a percursor to?

A

Endocardial cushion tissue

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3
Q

What is the makeup of the primitive heart?

A

single atrium, two ventricles, truncus arteriosis

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4
Q

What is the truncus arteriosis

A

one single outflow vessel that eventually splits into the 2 great vessels

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5
Q

Do the superior and inferior endocardial cushions fuse before the baby is born?

A

No- they overlap but do not fuse, later become the foramen ovale

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6
Q

Where do the AV septum and AV valves come from?

A

R and L lateral cushions

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7
Q

What does the ductus arteriosus do?

A

Connects pulmonary trunk with aorta

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8
Q

What is the function of the umbilical vein?

A

Delivers oxygen rich nutrients to the fetus

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9
Q

Why does blood not go to the lungs in the fetus?

A

There is higher pressure in the lungs, blood goes to the path or least resistance

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10
Q

What is a shunt?

A

Abnormal path of blood through heart or great vessels

Can be L to R or R to L

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11
Q

What is atresia?

A

complete blocking off

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12
Q

What is an acyanotic congenital defect?

A

Obstructive disorders and L to R shunts

Baby still receives oxygenated blood

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13
Q

What are the three types of ASDs?(atrial septal defects)

A

Ostium primum defect
Ostium secundum defect
sinus venous defect

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14
Q

Where is the Ostium primum defect?

A

Close to the AV valves

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15
Q

Where is the ostium secundum defect?

A

Located near foramen ovale

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16
Q

Sinus venous defect is located where?

A

High in atrial septum

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17
Q

What does ASD lead to?

A

RA and RV enlargement

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18
Q

A moderate to large ASD can lead to…

A

increase in pulmonary blood flow -> pulmonary hypertension

19
Q

VSD leads to

A

enlargement of pulmonary artery, LA, LV

20
Q

In a VSD what side of the heart will fail first?

A

Left side

21
Q

Why is there pulmonary hypertension with a VSD?

A

Pulmonary vessels undergo structural change

rising pulmonary vascular resistance

22
Q

What is it called when pulmonary pressure exceeds systemic pressure and the shunt reverses?

A

Eisenmenger syndrome

23
Q

What is Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)?

A

A PDA (connects pulmonary trunk to aorta) doesn’t constrict after birth

24
Q

What side of the heart becomes the primary pump with a PDA?

A

Left (ventricle)

25
Q

What symptoms will the baby show with a PDA?

A

Huge murmur
Bounding pulses
large different b/w systolic and diastolic

26
Q

What is coarctation of the aorta (COA)?

A

Narrowing of aorta

27
Q

What is a preductal COA? (with PDA)

A

coarctation before the PDA

R ventricle becomes primary pump (because it pumps to systemic through PDA)

28
Q

Problem with postductal COA

A

R ventricle can’t pump through PDA (because narrowing is after it)
Acyanotic

29
Q

What is pulmonary stenosis?

A

Narrowing of the pulmonary outflow tract

30
Q

What is pulmonary atresia?

A

Severe form, complete fusion of commissures

31
Q

In pulmonary stenosis/ atresia what hapens to the RV?

A

Hypertrophies to maintain adequate CO

32
Q

If there is a severe pulmonary obstruction, what can happen?

A

Foramen ovale may reopen

33
Q

What are the 4 defects w/ tetralogy of fallot?

A

VSD high in septum
overriding aorta straddling VSD
Pulmonary stenosis
RV hypertrophy

34
Q

What happens with the Tetralogy of Fallot?

A

Both chambers send blood through aorta

35
Q

What allows a pink tets baby?

A

Little pulmonary stenosis w/ Tetralogy of Fallot

36
Q

What allows a blue tets baby?

A

High pulmonary resistance with Tetraology of Fallot

37
Q

Why does adding a PDA to Tetraology of Fallot help?

A

Blood can flow into the pulmonary system via the PDA and have adequate oxygen in blood

38
Q

What happens with the Transposition of the Great Vessels?

A 
Aorta connect with Right ventricle
Pulmonary trunk connects with L ventricle 
Unoxygenated blood through system
oxygentated blood through pulmonary
the two never mix
39
Q

What can allow a baby to survive with the transposition of the great vessels?

A

Adding a PDA, ASD, or VSD so the two circuit mix

40
Q

What is truncus arteriosus?

A

Failure of large embryonic artery and truncus arteriosis to divide
Single vessel from both ventricles
Straddles always present VSD

41
Q

IN truncus arteriosus where do most the blood travel to?

A

The lungs as the pulmonary resistance is lower but can lead to pulmonary vascular disease

42
Q

What is tricuspid atresia?

A

no blood can flow through triscuspid valve (R atria to R ventricle)
*often accompanied with transposition of the great vessels

43
Q

Adding what defects can help tricuspid atresia (allows blood to flow to lungs)?

A

VSD, PDA

Cardiac PathoPhys (4 decks)

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