Congenital Anomalies

Question 1

Congenital heart disease (CHD) ranges between

Answer 1

2.1 and 10.7 per 1,000 persons

Question 2

The most prevalent types of CHD:
Ventricular septal defect (VSD) between——-to——Atrial septal defect (ASD) between——–to——Pulmonary stenosis (PS)

Answer 2

29.5 to 39.5% of all diagnosed
CHDs
8.9 to 18.1%
between 6 to 12.4%.

Question 3

Causes of
congenital
heart
anomalies —–3 things

Answer 3

Environmental
factors (2%) 
Genetic
factors (8%)
Multifactorial
causes
(Mixed, 90%)

Question 4

Abnormalities of Cardiac looping

Dextrocardia:

Answer 4

• The heart lies on the right side of the thorax instead of the left.

Question 5

Dextrocardia

• Causes:

Answer 5

the heart loops to the left instead of the right.

Question 6

Dextrocardia may coincide with ———–
(complete reversal of asymmetry in all organs with normal
physiology

Answer 6

situs inversus

Question 7

Importance of endocardial cushions:

3 things

Answer 7

• They divide the AV canal into right and left orifices,
• Share in the closure of:
1. ostium primum
2. membranous part of interventricular septum

Question 8

Atrial septal defects (ASD)

Answer 8

♀femle : ♂ male

2:1

Question 9

Variations & causes of Atrial septal defects : 4 causes

Answer 9

1. Ostium secundum defect
2. Absence of the atrial septum
3. Premature closure of the foramen ovale
4. Ostium primum defect

Question 10

• It is characterized by a large opening between the left and right atria.

Answer 10

Ostium secundum defect

Question 11

Causes of Ostium secundum defect :2 causes

Answer 11

a. inadequate development of the septum secundum

b. excessive cell death and resorption of the septum primum

Question 12

——————–It is the complete absence of atrial septum

Answer 12

Absence of the atrial septum

Question 13

core triloculare biventriculare condition in ——

Answer 13

Absence of the atrial septum

Question 14

—————- It is associated with other serious defects in the body

Answer 14

Absence of the atrial septum

Question 15

Early closure of foramen ovale during prenatal life

Answer 15

Premature closure of the foramen ovale

Question 16

Premature closure of the foramen ovale results in:

3 things

Answer 16

It results in:
• severe hypertrophy of the right atrium & ventricle.
• Underdevelopment of the left side.
• Death occurs shortly after birth

Question 17

Partial fusion of the endocardial cushions in the AV canal cause

Answer 17

Ostium primum defect

Question 18

defect in the——- septum but the —— septum is closed

Answer 18

atrial-iv

Question 19

Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)

• It usually involves the —————– part.

Answer 19

membranous

Question 20

Ventricular Septal Defect, It may be found as an ——– defect

Answer 20

single

Question 21

• Ventricular Septal Defect, May involve both parts of ———and———-the septum.

Answer 21

membranous and muscular

Question 22

Ventricular Septal Defect, May be associated with abnormalities in the partitioning of the ————–

Answer 22

conotruncal region

Question 23

Ventricular Septal Defect, Depending on the ——- of the lesion: the blood carried by the pulmonary trunk may be————–
that carried by the aorta.

Answer 23

size-more than

Question 24

Defects involving great vessels
Conotruncal septal defect
like:

Answer 24

Persistent truncus arteriosus

Question 25

Persistent truncus arteriosus Causes: 1 thing

Answer 25

Conotruncal ridges fail to fuse and to descend toward the ventricles

Question 26

Results of Persistent truncus arteriosus : 3 things

Answer 26

1. The pulmonary artery arises some distance above the origin of the undivided truncus.
2. It is always accompanied by a defective interventricular septum.
3. The undivided truncus thus overrides both ventricles and receives blood from both sides.

Question 27

Defects involving great vessels are 4things

Answer 27

1-Persistent truncus arteriosus
2– Transposition of the great vessels
3-Tetralogy of Fallot

Question 28

————Conotruncal septum fails to follow its normal spiral course and runs straight down

Answer 28

Transposition of the great vessels

Question 29

Results of transposition of the great vessels:

Answer 29

• The aorta originates from the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk originates
from the left ventricle.
• Sometimes, it is associated with VSD .
• Usually accompanied by open ductus arteriosus

Question 30

Tetralogy of Fallot

The anomaly is composed of :4 things

Answer 30

1- Pulmonary infundibular stenosis(PS)
2- VSD
3- Overriding aorta
4- Hypertrophy of right ventricle

Question 31

Causes of Tetralogy of Fallot :

Answer 31

Unequal division of the conus resulting from the

anterior displacement of the conotruncal septum

Question 32

Abnormalities of semilunar valves:

3 things

Answer 32

1-Valvular stenosis of the pulmonary artery
2-Valvular stenosis of the Aorta
3- Aortic valvular atresia

Question 33

Causes of Valvular stenosis of the pulmonary artery:

Answer 33

semilunar valves are partially fused

Question 34

The trunk of the pulmonary artery is —— or even ——- in the Valvular stenosis of the pulmonary artery

Answer 34

narrow - atretic

Question 35

The patent foramen oval in Valvular stenosis of the pulmonary artery is ————–

Answer 35

forms the only outlet for blood from the right side of the heart

Question 36

The patent ductus arteriosus in Valvular stenosis of the pulmonary artery : is the ——————–

Answer 36

is the only route to the pulmonary circulation

Question 37

Incomplete fusion of the thickened valves results in a pinhole opening in ————————-

Answer 37

Valvular stenosis of the Aorta

Question 38

The size of the aorta in Valvular stenosis of the Aorta itself is usually ————-

Answer 38

normal

Question 39

Fusion of the semilunar aortic valves is complete in ————————

Answer 39

Aortic valvular atresia

Question 40

Defects in endocardial cushions of the

atrioventricular (AV)canal include

Answer 40

I.Atrial septal defects (ASD)
II- Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)
III. Defects involving great vessels
Conotruncal septal defect