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Pathophysiology > Congenital and Vascular Pulmonary Disease > Flashcards

Congenital and Vascular Pulmonary Disease Flashcards

1
Q

Congenital Disorder refers to a…

A

disease or physical abnormality present from birth

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2
Q

Cystic Fibrosis (CF) is a disorder of ion transport of ________ in the exocrine glands of the liver, pancreas, intestines, reproduction and respiratory systems

A

Na & Cl

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3
Q

CFTR is a gene involved in production of…

A

sweat, mucus and digestive fluids

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4
Q

In CF, the CFTR gene is _________ leading to ______ secretions

A

nonfunctional

thick

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5
Q

CFTR works by moving ____ into the extracellular space to allow H2O to move out of the cell - ____ will thin mucus and make it easier for body to move mucus out

A

Cl

H2O

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6
Q

Know that CF is not exclusively a pathology of the _____!!!!

A

Lungs

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7
Q

CF is a ___________ disease

A

multisystem

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8
Q

Life expectancy of CF is what?

A

37.5 years

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9
Q

CF results in what issues?

A
  • Obstructive lung Disease - progressive loss of pulmonary functions
  • Digestive disorders
  • Chronic bacterial airway infections
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10
Q

Management of CF

A
  • Chest drainage
  • Bronchodilators & mucolytics
  • Percussion Therapy
  • Diets rich in proteins and calories
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11
Q

Parenchyma refers to the ______ in the lungs

A

alveoli

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12
Q

Pulmonary edema is when the _______ space fills with fluid that has leaked in from the ________

A

interstitial

vasculature

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13
Q

The volume of the pulmonary interstitial space is very ______ so it can accommodate only ____ amounts of fluid

A

limited

small

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14
Q

As the interstitial space fills with fluid, that fluid moves into the ______ spaces decreasing the space available for __________

A

alveolar

gas exchange

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15
Q

Pulmonary Edema patient’s feel like they are breathing through _____

A

water

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16
Q

Causes of Pulmonary Edema

A
  • fluid overload
  • decreased albumin
  • lymphatic obstruction
  • increased capillary permeability
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17
Q

Early stages of Pulmonary Edema start with what?

A

persistent cough, slight dyspnea, diaphoresis, and intolerance to exercise

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18
Q

As Pulmonary Edema progresses, symptoms change how?

A
  • cough becomes more productive with blood
  • dyspnea becomes more acute
  • RR increases
  • audible wheezing
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19
Q

The presence of Pulmonary Edema is a _________!

A

medical emergency

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20
Q

In supine, the heart presses on the _____, limiting _________

A

lungs

expandability

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21
Q

PT implications for Pumonary Edema: Treatment is aimed at…

A
  • Enhancing gas exchange, reducing fluid overload
  • Strengthening & slowing heart beat
  • Increased O2 along with diuretics, diet, and fluid restriction
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22
Q

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) is a condition that causes _____ to leak into your lungs, limiting movement of air into _______

A

fluid

alveoli

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23
Q

True or False, most people who get ARDS are already in the hospital with something else?

A

True, including sepsis, accidents, COVID or pulmonary toxic molecules

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24
Q

ARDS is characterized by what?

A

widespread inflammation of the lungs

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25
ARDS leads to threatening ________!
hypoxemia
26
True or False, ARDS has a low mortality rate?
False! the mortality rate is high at 20-50%
27
Atelectasis is the _______ of normally expanded lung tissue at any structural level
collapse
28
Primary cause of obstructive-absorptive is obstruction of the _______ serving the affected area
bronchus
29
In Atelectasis, air in the alveoli is not ______, causing the alveoli to _______
replaced | collapse
30
Causes of Atelectasis include:
- hypoventilation - failure to breathe deeply postop - oversedation, coma, immobility - loss of surfactant
31
PT implications for Atelectasis
- Frequent position changes - Deep breathing - Coughing with pillow chest splint - Ambulating
32
Pneumothorax is the _______ collection of air in the ______ space
abnormal | pleural
33
Is pneumothorax bilateral or unilateral?
unilateral
34
How is air removed in Pneumothorax?
syringe or chest tube
35
Pneumothorax can only develop if air is allowed to enter the pleural space, through damage to the ________ or damage to the _____ itself
chest wall | lung
36
Pathophysiology of Pneumothorax
Air is accumulated in the pleural space--> compressing the lung--> limiting amount of air inhaled
37
What are the two types of Lung Cancer
Small cell lung caner (SCLC) and Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)
38
In SCLC, cells become so dense that there is almost no _______ present, so the cells are compressed into an ovoid _____
cytoplasm | mass
39
SCLC tends to be located _______ near the _____ of the lung
centrally | Hilum
40
________ and distant ________ are usually present at the time of SCLC diagnosis
Lymphatic | metastasis
41
SCLC occurs most frequently in ______
smokers
42
NSCLC involves _______ and ______
lymph and blood vessels
43
NSCLC metastases in the....
brain, bone and liver
44
NSCLC carcinomas of what organs are likely to metastasize to the lung?
kidneys, breast, pancreas, colon, and uterus
45
3 main subtypes of NSCLC
- squamous cell carcinoma - Adenocarcinoma - Large cell
46
Squamous cell carcinoma is ______%; cells lining the __________
25-30% | passageways
47
Adenocarcinoma is ___%; cancer of the cells that secrete substances like _______
40% | mucus
48
Large cell appears anywhere in the ______ and grows _____
lung | quickly
49
What is the most common lung cancer?
NSCLC
50
In NSCLC, tumors in the ____ of the lungs can invade the _______, destroying ribs 1&2, causing _____ involvement
apex brachial plexus phrenic
51
Lung Cancer Diagnosis: most are detected on routine _________ taken for ______ issues
chest X-ray | unrelated
52
Clinical manifestations of Lung Cancer
- Cough, sputum production and dyspnea - Anorexia, fatigue, weakness, weight loss - Recurring bronchitis or pneumonia - Difficulty swallowing - Cardiac and Esophageal compression
53
Treatments for Lung Cancer
- Surgical but not usually for SCLC b/c of location | - Radiation & Chemo
54
Pulmonary HTN is defined as:
high BP in the pulmonary arteries
55
What is normal pulmonary BP and what is elevated?
- normal= 15-18 mmHG | - elevated= 5-10 ABOVE normal
56
Pulmonary HTN is characterized by diffuse __________ of the pulmonary arteries caused by _________ of smooth muscle in the vessel walls and formation of _______ lesions in and around the vessels
narrowing hypertrophy fibrous
57
Pathophysiology of pulmonary HTN
vasoconstriction
58
Causes of Pulmonary HTN
- CHF - Blood clots in lungs - HIV - Cocaine or meth use - Liver disease - CT disorders - Lung diseases - Congenital heart diseases
59
Treatment of pulmonary HTN is predicated on _____
cause
60
Prognosis of Pulmonary HTN
poor w/out heart-lung transplant | -2-3 years
61
A Pulmonary embolism is when a clot in the ______ system dislodges and causes a blockage in the __________ circulation
venous | pulmonary
62
PE causes ________ influences on health
long-term
63
Does a PE impact the left or right side of the heart?
Right
64
Pulmonary embolism downstream effect:
infarction of lung tissue--> acute pulmonary HTN--> increased demand on R side heart--> some degree of R heart dysfunction
65
PE risk factors
- prolonged immobility - hypercoagulability - damage to the walls of veins
66
Signs and Symptoms of PE
- apprehension - diaphoresis - chest pain/tightness - cough - tachypnea - tachycardia - cyanosis - hypotension
67
Lung transplantation types:
-Single lung transplant: posterolateral thoracotomy -Double lung transplant: bilateral anterior thoracotomies ; “clam shell”, imagine lifting the hood of a car -Heart-lung transplant: Midline sternotomy
68
There needs to be a match in ____ between donor and recipient for a lung transplant
size
69
Anti-rejection drugs ________ the immune system
suppress
70
Glucocorticoids AEs:
- proximal muscle weakness - Hyperglycemia/diabetes - OP - Skin thinning - Impaired wound healing - Water retention
71
PT implications for Lung transplant recipients:
- pts are deconditioned - wound management - lots of lines/wires - slow improvement - exercise/physical function activities

Pathophysiology (4 decks)

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