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America and Conflict & Tension Revision > Conflict & Tension 1918-1939 Pack Two > Flashcards

Conflict & Tension 1918-1939 Pack Two Flashcards

1
Q

Between what years was WWI fought?

A

1914-1918

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2
Q

How many million men died in WW!?

A

10 million

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3
Q

What did WWI do to British economy?

A

Left Britain with huge debts.
The War cost over £9 billion.
Left Britain with high unemployment and slow growth.

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4
Q

When Germany stopped fighting in November 1918, what did the Allies promise them?

A

“Peace with honour.”

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5
Q

Who were the Big Three?

A

Britain – Lloyd George
France – Clemenceau
America – Woodrow Wilson

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6
Q

What did Britain want from the Treaty of Versailles?

A
  • Germany to be justly punished, but not too harshly
  • Germany to lose its navy and colonies as these were a threat to Britain’s own navy and empire
  • Germany and Britain to become trading partners
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7
Q

What did Lloyd George like and dislike about the Treaty of Versailles?

A

He liked the fact that Britain got German colonies, and the small German navy helped British sea power. But, although many British people wanted to ‘make Germany pay’, Lloyd George thought that the Treaty was too harsh, and that it would start another war in 25 years time.

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8
Q

What did Clemenceau want from the Treaty of Versailles?

A
  • Wanted to cripple Germany so it couldn’t attack France again.
  • Wanted Germany broken down into smaller states (weakened).
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9
Q

What did Clemenceau like and dislike about the Treaty of Versailles?

A
  • The harsh parts. He liked the Reparations, which would weaken Germany and help France recover.
  • He liked the idea of a smaller German army and a demilitarised zone in the Rhineland.
  • He was pleased France was given Alsace-Lorraine.
  • He would have liked a harsher treaty.
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10
Q

What did Woodrow Wilson want from the Treaty of Versailles?

A
  • A better and more peaceful world
  • A League of Nations that would help and support each other and help to promote world peace
  • The right to self-determination. The right to decide which country you wish to be governed by
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11
Q

What did Woodrow Wilson like and dislike about the Treaty of Versailles?

A

Wilson got self-determination for the peoples of Eastern Europe, and a League of Nations, but he was disappointed with the Treaty because few of his ‘Fourteen Points’ were acted upon. Worst of all, when Wilson went back to America, the Senate refused to join the League of Nations.

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12
Q

Who had to accept all the blame for the first world war?

A

Germany. They had to sign the TOV with the War Guilt Clause, Article 231.

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13
Q

What happened to the German Armed Forces in the Treaty of Versailles?

A
  • Army restricted to 100,000 men, (no conscription).
  • No tanks, no submarines, no aeroplanes.
  • Restricted to 6 battleships only – Germany sank these rather than hand them over.
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14
Q

How much did Germany have to pay in reparations?

A
  • £6.6 billion., equivalent to £230 billion today!

* This would take until 1988 to pay in full.

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15
Q

What happened to German land in the Treaty of Versailles?

A
  • Germany lost Alsace-Lorraine to France.
  • Germany kept the Rhineland, but it had to stay demilitarised
  • Poland given an extra strip of land so that it could access the sea (The Polish Corridor), so Germany is now split into two parts.
  • The Saar, with its rich coalfields was given to France for 15 years.
  • 10% of all German land and13% of its population.
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16
Q

What happened to German land in the Treaty of Versailles?

A
  • Germany lost Alsace-Lorraine to France.
  • Germany kept the Rhineland, but it had to stay demilitarised
  • Poland given an extra strip of land so that it could access the sea (The Polish Corridor), so Germany is now split into two parts.
  • The Saar, with its rich coalfields was given to France for 15 years.
  • 10% of all German land and 13% of its population.
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17
Q

Who was Germany banned from having a union (Anschluss) with at the end of WWI?

A

Austria

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18
Q

Was Germany allowed to join the League of Nations?

A

No

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19
Q

What was Clause 231 of the Treaty of Versailles?

A

The War Guilt Clause.

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20
Q

What does the acronym BRAT stand for?

A

Blame
Reparations
Army
Territory

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21
Q

What does the acronym GARGLE stand for?

A 
German land
Armed forces
Reparations
Guilt for war
LEague of Nations
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22
Q

What does the acronym LAMB stand for?

A

Land
Army
Money
Blame

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23
Q

What is a ‘diktat’?

A

A Dictated peace.

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24
Q

What was the ‘stab in the back’ myth?

A

The belief that the Germany army could have won the war but the politicians and civilians at home stabbed them in the back.

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25
Q

What was the name given by the Germans to the German politicians who signed the Treaty of Versailles?

A

The November Criminals.

26
Q

Who was the first leader of the new Weimar Republic?

A

Frederich Ebert.

27
Q

What happened to the Kaiser (The King) at the end of WWI?

A

He was forced to abdicate.

28
Q

What did the communists want to happen in Germany after WWI?

A

A Communist Revolution like Russia.

29
Q

What was Wilson’s Plan for the League of Nations?

A
  • All major nations would join the league
  • They would disarm
  • If there was a dispute between countries the league would sort it out (mediation)
  • If a country broke this promise all other countries would cease trading and send troops to stop fighting.
30
Q

Why did Congress vote against joining the League of Nations?

A

They did not want to be involved in Europe’s problems.

31
Q

What were the aims of the League of Nations?

A
  1. To discourage aggression from any nation
  2. To encourage countries to co-operate
  3. To encourage nations to disarm
  4. To improve living and working conditions for people on all parts of the world.
32
Q

What were the weaknesses of the League of Nations?

A
  • America did not join.
  • France and Britain had other priorities after the war and were already weakened by the war.
  • France’s main concern was still Germany and it felt the LON needed an army to protect them.
33
Q

What does ‘WAS DUMB’ stand for?

A 
W - Weak
A - America
S - Structure
D - Depression
U - Unsuccessful
M - Members
B - Bullies
34
Q

What were the THREE main organs of the League of Nations?

A
  1. The Secretariat – administrative work
  2. The Council – direct the actions of the assembly
  3. The Assembly – the League’s decisions were made
35
Q

How did the League of Nation try to make a better world?

A
  • Did a lot of work to return refugees and POWs at the end of the war – 400,000 POWs returned by LON.
  • Helped working conditions – banned poisonous white lead from paint, limited hours children worked and introduced a max of a 48 hour week (though this was only taken up by a few members)
  • Health committee worked hard to defeat leprosy and introduced a global campaign to exterminate mosquitoes.
  • Produced an international highway code for all road users.
  • Blacklisted 4 companies involved in illegal drug trade.
  • Freed slaves from British owned Sierra Leone.
36
Q

How did the LON help with border disputes?

A
  • TOV created new countries – these split communities.
  • FAILURE Vilna – Poland invaded Lithuania, LON protested, British and French troops were meant to help but did nothing.
  • SUCCESS – Upper Silesia 1921 – border of Poland and Germany both countries wanted it. Plebiscite 1920 and LON split according to the vote – Industrial area wanted Germany and rural area wanted Poland.
  • SUCCESS – Aaland Islands – Both Sweden and Finland wanted control, possible war, LON ruled Finland and Sweden accepted the ruling.
  • FAILURE – Corfu – Greece and Albania with Italy involvement – Mussolini attached and occupied the island.
  • FAILURE – 1925 Greek troops invade Bulgaria – LON rule for Greece to leave – one rule for large states and another for smaller ones!
37
Q

What was the Geneva Protocol?

A
  • FAILURE - British and French idea
  • If two LON members were in dispute they must accept the council of the LON decision.
  • General election in Britain and Conservative Govt would not sign it!
38
Q

How successful was the LON regarding disarmament in the 1920s?

A
  • 1921 – UK, France & Japan agreed to limit the size of their armies but this was as far as it got.
  • 1923 disarmament treaty not signed by UK.
39
Q

Dawes Plan

A

Reduced reparations for Germany.

40
Q

Locarno treaties

A
  • Germany accepted new borders.
  • Germany accepted demilitarisation of the Rhineland
  • France and Germany agreed to settle any disputes through LON.
  • Germany joined LON in 1926
41
Q

What did the 15 major nations promise in the Kellogg-Briand Pact of 1928?

A

To not use war as an instrument of national policy. By 1933, 60 nations had made this promise.

42
Q

What happened in 1929?

A

The Wall Street Crash

43
Q

How did the depression affect the LON

A
  • The USA demanded repayment of the money it had loaned Germany.
  • International trade fell by 70%.
  • There was less international co-operation.
  • Britain and France no longer wanted to sort out international disputes.
  • Desperate people started to turn to leaders offering radical solutions.
44
Q

What was the Manchurian Crisis in 1931?

A
  • Depression hit Japan very hard.
  • Japan invaded Manchuria (part of China) to try and escape the effects of the depression.
  • LON told Japan to leave and they refused.
  • Japan withdrew from the LON.
  • 4 years later Japan invaded the rest of China
45
Q

Why did the League not take action against Japan?

A
  • Britain and America were suffering from Depression.
  • British navy was on the verge of mutiny after wage cuts.
  • America did not want to risk war with Japan.
46
Q

What was the Abyssinian Crisis in 1935?

A
  • Italy suffering in the depression.
  • Mussolini decided to invade Abyssinia (modern Ethiopia)
  • BRUTAL - Mustard gas was used – violation of Geneva Protocol
  • LON agreed Italy wrong but took months to put in place economic sanctions.
  • FAILURE - Italy continued to trade with America
47
Q

What was the Hoare-Laval Plan?

A
  • Hoare was secretly negotiating to give Abyssinia to Italy – leaked to the press.
  • LON shown to be very leaked and the Hoare-Laval Plan ended the power of the league.
48
Q

Why did Italy invade Abyssinia?

A

Economic reasons
Military reasons
Mussolini

49
Q

What were the similarities between Manchuria and Abyssinia?

A
  • Italy and Japan both council members of the League.
  • Both wanted to extend their empire
  • Both invaded weaker countries and ignored the league
50
Q

What were the differences between Manchuria and Abyssinia?

A
  • Abyssinia was ‘closer to home’
  • Italy was a European power
  • It was easier to sort out the problem in Abyssinia
51
Q

How did Manchuria and Abyssinia help Hitler?

A
  • League was shown to be useless and unlikely to stop Hitler
  • Rome-Berlin axis formed between Hitler and Mussolini in 1936 made him much stronger
  • Hitler now sent troops into the Rhineland
52
Q

What were Hitler’s foreign policy aims?

A
  • To abolish the TOV
  • To fight to expand German territory – Lebensraum
  • To reunite all German speaking people
  • To fight communism
53
Q

What happened in Germany in 1935?

A
  • In 1935 conscription was reintroduced in Germany.

* France, Germany and Italy issued a formal protest that Germany was breaking terms of TOV

54
Q

What was the Anglo-German naval deal in 1935?

A
  • Britain wanted to try and control Germany’s rearmament
  • Agreed that Germany’s naval forces could be 35% of Britain’s equal submarines.
  • Agreement made without Britain consulting France.
  • British public opinion was in favour of the agreement.
55
Q

What happened at the Saar Plebiscite in 1935?

A
  • Population voted – 90% wanted to return to Germany.

* Result boosted Hitler’s prestige and popularity.

56
Q

Why did Hitler re-occupy the Rhineland in 1936?

A
  • Needed to control his borders
  • Wanted to test the reaction of Britain and France
  • Would enhance his reputation within Germany
  • May not be seen as overtly aggressive as it was German territory
57
Q

Why did France not react to the re-occupation of the Rhineland?

A
  • They thought the German army was much bigger than it actually was
  • Would not take action without support from Britain
58
Q

What does Anschluss mean?

A

The union of Austria and Germany

59
Q

What is Lebensraum?

A

Extra living space for German people

60
Q

What is a plebiscite?

A

Where every person, of voting age, votes on an issue.

61
Q

Why did Hitler want to unite with Austria?

A

• Austria and Germany always been close
Hitler is Austrian
• 96% of Austrians spoke German
• 1934 Hitler was stopped from uniting with Austria by Mussolini – but then Hitler and Mussolini become friends!

62
Q

How did Hitler take control of Austria?

A
  • Orchestrated riots in Jan 1938
  • Austria banned the Nazi party and Hitler used this as an excuse to meet the Austrian leader and bully him
  • Hitler moved his troops to the border
  • Austrian govt appealed to England, France and Italy for help but they all rejected pleas.
  • German troops occupied Austria and claimed 99% voted to join with Germany in a plebiscite held 10th April.

America and Conflict & Tension Revision (4 decks)

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