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history gcse > conflict and tension- peacemaking > Flashcards

conflict and tension- peacemaking Flashcards

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1
Q

when was the paris peace conference?

A

january 1919

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2
Q

who came to the paris peace conference

A

representatives from the 32 winning countries

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3
Q

where was the paris peace conference

A

palace of versailles in paris

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4
Q

who led the discussions at the paris peace conference?

A

leaders from the most powerful victorious countries; britain, france and usa

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5
Q

who was the leaders of britain france and the usa

A

georges clemenceau, woodrow wilson, david lloyd george

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6
Q

where did the most fighting occur

A

france especially the north east and the germans destroyed many mines railways factories bridges and farmland

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7
Q

who suffered the most deaths

A

france

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8
Q

what did clemenceau want from the paris peace conference

A

wanted to cripple germany to make sure it would never be powerful enough to harm france again. he wanted the armed forces dramatically reduced and germany’s border to he pushed back to the rhine in eastern germany to take away its defences and make france less vulnerable to attack, compensation to rebuild france

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9
Q

why was lloyd george elected?

A

because he promised to ‘make germany pay’

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10
Q

what did lloyd george want

A

he wanted revenge as many young british men died in the trenches however he was more cautious than clemenceau because he was concerned that if germany was treated badly it would lead to another war, he also wanted to keep germany quite strong so britain could still trade with them, he wanted to gain territory for the british empire, he wanted to keep the british navy powerful and saw this as a good opportunity to reduce germany’s

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11
Q

what happened to american during the war

A

there was no fighting on american soil and they made a lot of money by selling weapons to the allies

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12
Q

what did woodrow wilson want

A

he didn’t want to be too harsh as he was scared there would be another war. he was an idealist and wanted a future where everyone could be equal, he suggested a world pariliament called the league of nations so countries could work and trade together. he also believed in self determination allowing countries freedom of themselves. another idea was freedom of the seas which meant anyone could sail trading boats anywhere. he had many ideas for a better world (14 points)

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13
Q

what did the armistice agree to?

A

that germany would pay reparations, give alsace lorraine back to france and move its army out the rhineland

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14
Q

how did clemenceau use the armistice

A

he used the fact germany had already agreed to some principles in the armistice to argue they should also appear in the treaty

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15
Q

how long did the paris peace conference last

A

12 months

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16
Q

when was the treaty of versailles signed

A

28th june 1919

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17
Q

diktat

A

germany had no say on the treaty of versailles (diktat meaning dictated peace)

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18
Q

navy- treaty of versailles

A

limited to 15 000 men, 1500 officers and only 6 battleships- size and number of other ships also limited

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19
Q

article 231 of treaty of versailles

A

war guilt clause- germany and it’s allies had to take full responsibility for the waf

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20
Q

which term of the treaty of versailles did germany hate the most

A

article 231 war guilt clause as it humiliated them

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21
Q

rhineland- treaty of versailles

A

the rhineland (land between germany and france) was demilitarised

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22
Q

article 232 of treaty of versailles

A

article 232 was the reperations- in 1921 it was agreed they had to may £6,600 million and it was estimated it would take till 1988 to pay back

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23
Q

german colonies- treaty of versailles

A

germanys colonies in africa where given as mandates to the league of nations so britain and france now controlled them

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24
Q

land- treaty of versailles

A

germany lost 10% of its land including- alsace lorraine, eupen and malmedy, and north schleswig

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25
Q

saar- treaty of versailles

A

put in control of the league for 15 years

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26
Q

danzig- treaty of versailles

A

danzig was taken and made a free city under league of nations control

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27
Q

polish corridor- treaty of versailles

A

germany was split in two by the polish corridor, a strip of land that was given to poland to allow them to have access to the sea

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28
Q

army- treaty of versailles

A

germany army was limited to 100,000 men and conscription wasn’t allowed

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29
Q

league of nations- treaty of versailles

A

league of nations was formed but germany wasn’t allowed to join

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30
Q

forces- treaty of versailles

A

germany wasn’t allowed tanks, submarines or an air force

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31
Q

anschluss- treaty of versailles

A

anschluss (union) between germany and austria was forbidden

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32
Q

what was going on in germany in 1919

A

the country was in turmoil; the kaiser had fled to holland and different political parties where arguing with eachother, to make matters worse the germans where furious about the treaty of versailles and how it had left them perceived and in financial ruin

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33
Q

why where britain ready to see germany pay

A

because nearly not a single family had lost someone to the war and civilians had suffered food shortages

34
Q

what was the general feeling about the treaty of versailles in britain?

A

that it was fair but could and should of been much harsher however on return lloyd george was greeted as a hero

35
Q

how did lloyd george feel about the treaty

A

there where parts he was pleased with such as how the empire had gained extra colonies and now covered a third of the globe, the german navy was restricted so was no competition with britains. however lloyd george was concerned the loss of german land and people to poland would cause huge problems in the future especially those who were determined to be part of germany again. lloyd george also felt the reparations where too harsh and britain had lost an important trade partner and that germany would resent the treaty so much that it could cause another war in years to come

36
Q

how did the french feel about the treaty of versailles

A

the where pleased that france was no longer threatened by germany and they would receive reparations and they were given control of the saar but most people where furious about the treaty and felt that their suffering during the war had been greater than the germans suffering would be so it should be harsher

37
Q

what did clemenceau think of the treaty

A

he was angry that germany was even allowed an army and felt that it should of been completely taken away and germany made into a small powerless independent state. he also felt france should of been given the saar permanently and felt the reparations should be more as he wanted to see germany financially crippled

38
Q

what did the americans think of the treaty

A

they felt that it was too harsh and wilson had helped britain and france become more powerful and rich at germany’s expense. the also favoured isolationism and felt that the us shouldn’t get involved in affairs in europe as it did more harm than good

39
Q

what did woodrow wilson think of the treaty

A

he was devestated he couldn’t join the league. he feared that the harsh treaty would cause another war and was happy that the league was created and how most eastern european countries would have self determination but the rest of his 14 points where ignored.

40
Q

what did the germans hope would happen in the treaty

A

the German treaty hoped that the treaty would be fair to them and try and guarantee future peace. a British blockade had prevented food being imported to Germany throughout the war and people were starving- there germans needed compassion and help to rebuild a country that lay in tatters

41
Q

who did the allies blame the war on

A

the German kaiser. they said he needed to abdicate before the armistice could be signed. when the kaiser fled too holland many germans felt that the person responsible had been punished so no further punishment was needed.

42
Q

what was the German reaction of the treaty

A

they were shocked by the severity especially considering it was a diktat so the German people weren’t allowed to negotiate terms.

43
Q

what did the germans want to do about the treaty

A

many wanted to reject it but the alternative was to start fighting again and nobody wanted that so they had non choice but to accept it.

44
Q

what did the German government become

A

they were called the ‘November criminals’ and it was said that Germany had been ‘stabbed in the back’

45
Q

what did the abdication of the German kaiser mean

A

it meant there was nobody left to run Germany so a New Democratic government known as the Weimar Republic was set up.

46
Q

what did the germans think of the weimar republic

A

that they weren’t strong enough to run the country. most people wanted one strong leader and that the government weren’t helping people enough. many revolts broke out and the first five years post war where unstable and violent

47
Q

what did the germans hate the most about the treaty

A

article 231, the war guilt clause. Germany and its allies had to accept full responsibility for the war and had to pay reparations. the German economy was not in ruins and the government claimed that 763,000 people died from starvation.

48
Q

11 November 1918

A

armistice was signed, kaiser advocates

49
Q

4-15th jan 1919

A

communists attempt to overthrow the German government

50
Q

28th June 1919

A

treaty of versailles was signed

51
Q

11th august 1919

A

the German revolution ends and the weimar constitution a list of rules that the new democratic government must follow is accepted

52
Q

march 1920

A

the app putsch (revolt) against the German government its only narrowly defeated

53
Q

April 1921

A

the League of Nations agrees the reparations price of £6,600 million

54
Q

January 1923

A

germany misses reperation s payment and France invade the Ruhr and the German government pays the workers to go on strike by printing more bank notes (German economy crumbles)

55
Q

November 1923

A

because of hyperinflation a loaf of bread costs 200 000 million marks. the Nazi Party tries and fails to overthrow the government in the Munich putsch

56
Q

august 1924

A

the Dawes plan was agreed (American loans to help build German economy)

57
Q

negative consequences of treaty of versailles- living in German territory

A

around 6 million germans found themselves living outside German territory. they feared persecution especially as Germany had been forced to accept the war guilt clause

58
Q

negative consequences of treaty of versailles- loss of land

A

germany lost 13% of land and German families where forced off land that they had owned for generations as other countries where claiming it from the treaty of versailles

59
Q

negative consequences of treaty of versailles- German army

A

germans felt vulnerable. they worried that the reduced army and navy were not big enough to protect them from an attack

60
Q

negative consequences of the treaty of versailles- article 231

A

the causes of ww1 where very complex and not all Germany and its allies faults. causes such as arms race where Britain and Germany competed to have the biggest navy and empires where not all germanys fault

61
Q

negative consequences of the treaty of versailles- diktat

A

the treaty was a forced peace and Germany weren’t even allowed to send representatives to the conference or negotiate the terms. they had to accept all terms that where given

62
Q

negative consequences of treaty of versailles- 14 points

A

the germans thought that the treaty would be based on Wilsons 14 points. these where set out to achieve a fair world for everyone. if they had known that so few of these would make it through to the final treaty they may not of signed the armistice

63
Q

negative consequences of treaty of versailles- reparations

A

reparations crippled Germany. it was estimated too take till the 80s to pay back.

64
Q

defence of the peacemakers and the severity of the war

A
  • the treaty was signed after the most devastating war that the world had ever seen and it was only right that the losing countries should pay for the damage
  • it was normal for the losers to agree to harsh terms. Germany made the Russians sign the treaty of Brest-Litovsk when they left the war which took more than a quatre of there population and farmland. many people said this was evidence that Germany would of treated the allies even harsher had the war ended differently
  • europe was falling apart. the Austro-hungarian and Ottoman empires had ruled most of Eastern Europe and with the collapse of these empires politics had become even more unstable
65
Q

The treaty of st Germain- main counties affected

A

austria

66
Q

when was the treaty of st Germain signed

A

10th September 1919

67
Q

terms of treaty of st germain

A

land- austria lost land to Italy, Romania, Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia and Poland
reparations- the amount was never fixed but Austria had to pay reparations
military restrictions- 30,000 men in the army, no conscription, no navy
other terms- Austria where forbidden from uniting with Germany

68
Q

impact of the treaty of st germain

A
  • italy had joined the war in 1915 and they promised to support the allies and in return would receive land when the war was won, however the Italians felt they didn’t receive enough land
  • much of Austrias industry was in land given to Czechoslovakia so Austria lost a huge source of income. their economy collapsed in 1921
  • the new states that where formed were a mix of nationalities so they often clashed
  • Eastern Europe now consisted of lots of small new states instead of one powerful empire
69
Q

country affected by treaty of neuilly

A

Bulgaria

70
Q

date treaty of Neuilly was signed

A

27th November 1919

71
Q

terms of treaty of Neuilly

A

land- Bulgaria lost land to Yugoslavia, greece, and roman ia but also gained some from turkey
reparations- £100 million
military restrictions- Bulgarian army was limited to 20,000. no conscription, no airforce, only allowed 4 battleships

72
Q

country affected by treaty of Trianon

A

hungary

73
Q

date treaty of Trianon was signed

A

4th June 1920

74
Q

terms of treaty of trianon

A

land- Hungarian land was lost to Romania, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia and Austria
reparations- amount was never fixed and the Hungarian economy collapsed so nothing was ever paid
military restrictions- 30 000 men, no conscription, only allowed three patrol boats

75
Q

country affected by treaty of sèvres

A

turkey

76
Q

date treaty of sevres was signed

A

10th august 1920

77
Q

terms of treaty of sèvres

A

land- turkey lost land to greece, lost all its European land except a small area around the capital, the Ottoman (Turkish empire) was split up
military restrictions- Turkish army restricted to 50,000 men, navy restricted to 7 sail boats and 6 torpedo boats
other terms- they had to open up the dardanelles and Bosphorus, allies could keep troops in turkey

78
Q

impact of treaty of sèvres

A

the people of turkey were so mad that they revolted and overthrew the government
-new president threatened to fight the allies and Britain weren’t prepared so they agreed to overwrite the treaty with the treaty of lausanne

79
Q

date treaty of Lausanne was signed

A

July 1923

80
Q

terms of treaty of Lausanne

A

turkey regained- some of the land Greece took, control of dardanelles and Bosphorus, right to decide how big their armed forces were.
reparations where also cancelled and allied troops were withdrawn

81
Q

significance of sèvres

A
  • proved that the other treaties were unenforceable; if countries rebelled against harsh terms there was little people could do that didn’t result in war which nobody wanted
  • when the British agreed to a new treaty it gave the impression that they agreed the old one was fair
  • seeing this other leaders such as Mussolini and Hitler realised that if they broke rules nobody would stop them

history gcse (12 decks)

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